The contralateral response in the TG could be mediated through the transmedian neurological pathways crossing in the trigeminal nuclear complex or through the systemic inflammatory reaction and the activation of the so called "neuro-immune axis".. 
Differences in activity may arise from the trigeminal nuclear complex (TNC) and result from subnucleus specific inputs via certain cells of origin, axon distribution patterns, fiber densities, bouton sizes, or postsynaptic contact sites.
Stereological methods were used to determine the volume and numerical density of neurons in three trigeminal sensory nuclei (the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, and the oral and interpolar subnuclei of the spinal trigeminal nuclear complex) and three motor nuclei (the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nuclei).
The MPTA also has modest direct projections to the trigeminal nuclear complex and to superficial layers of the dorsal horn.
We examined the functional organization of the rat trigeminal nuclear complex and its developmental dynamics using a multiple-site optical recording technique. The center of the trigeminal nuclear complex in which the activity of neurons and synaptic function was greatest shifted caudally with development, suggesting that the functional architecture of the trigeminal nuclear complex is not fixed but changes dynamically during embryogenesis. By electron microscopy, we could not observe clear correlations between functional data and morphological information; when we surveyed E16 preparations, we could not identify typical synaptic structures between the 1,1'-dioctyldecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate-labeled trigeminal nerve terminals and the neurons in the trigeminal nuclear complex. This implies that postsynaptic function in the trigeminal nuclear complex is generated before the appearance of the morphological structure of conventional synapses..
This study determined the projection of the maxillary nerve innervating the snout to the sensory trigeminal nuclear complex in the brain stem and stability of outputs of each nucleus receiving the projection.
In the brainstem trigeminal nuclear complex, a notable concentration of the immunoreactivity was seen in laminae I and II of the medullary dorsal horn.
Pulpal heating evoked Fos expression in two distinct regions of the spinal trigeminal nuclear complex: the transitional region between subnucleus interpolaris and caudalis (Vi/Vc) and within the subnucleus caudalis (Vc).
These fibres project to the trigeminal nuclear complex and the cervical dorsal horn.
The ventral part of the ipsilateral brainstem sensory trigeminal nuclear complex (the nucleus principalis, and the subnuclei oralis and interpolaris) exhibited statistically significant 65-70% increase in number of apoptotic neurons compared to the contralateral side.
Following injections of different tracer substances into the rostral and caudal portions of the trigeminal nuclear complex the most prominent area of termination was found in the medial ventroposterior nucleus.
This difference might be due to the fact that the cells projecting to CoS were distributed extensively across the trigeminal nuclear complex (peak densities in the principal and interpolar subdivisions), while the neurones projecting to the CoI were largely confined to the interpolar and caudal trigeminal subdivisions.
In the caudal sub-nucleus of the spinal trigeminal nuclear complex, the number of Fos-positive neurons was much higher in rats with inflammation of the superior cervical ganglion than in control rats, either sham-operated or with saline applied to the ganglion.
c-fos and zif268 expression were assessed by immunocytochemistry for c-Fos and Zif268 proteins in the sensory trigeminal nuclear complex following noxious mechanical stimulation of the mandibular incisor pulp of rats.
Neurons with c-Fos protein-like immunoreactivity (fos-neurons) were examined in the rostral parts of the brainstem sensory trigeminal nuclear complex following intense electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerves and noxious mechanical stimulation of the trigeminal receptive fields.
Following trigeminal nerve injections, both tracers showed label in the ipsilateral trigeminal nuclear complex.
B-HRP revealed dense projection to the entire brain stem sensory trigeminal nuclear complex (BSTC) except for lamina II of the medullary dorsal horn (MDH).
A number of single neurons in the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) and the sensory trigeminal nuclear complex were found to project to the thalamus and the inferior colliculus (IC).
A small component ascends farther rostralwards to terminate in the reticular formation, the octavolateral area, the trigeminal nuclear complex, and in the granular layer of the cerebellum.
Various tracer substances were injected into the spinal cord, the dorsal column nuclei, the trigeminal nuclear complex and the somatosensory cortex in Madagascan hedgehog tenrecs.
In this study the changes in choleragenoid (B)-horseradish peroxidase B-HRP-labeled primary sensory terminals and axons in the trigeminal nuclear complex 3-90 days following transection of vibrissae nerves in the rat have been studied.
In addition, the temporal aspects of the effect of DHE have been studied by making extracellular recordings from cells in the most caudal aspect of the trigeminal nuclear complex.
In contrast, affected cell aggregates remained degenerative spaces at the original sites in the array in relation to the damaged vibrissae in the brain stem trigeminal nuclear complex.
This may involve the system of 'diffuse noxious inhibitory controls', which have been shown to depress limb flexion reflexes and neuronal activity in the spinal dorsal horn and trigeminal nuclear complex..
We demonstrated that the efferent projections of area d terminate predominantly within or immediately adjacent to the trigeminal nuclear complex and in the high cervical spinal gray.
In order to establish the ferret as an animal model for studies of trigeminal pain, we describe the cytoarchitecture and neurochemistry of the trigeminal nuclear complex in the ferret and compare them to those of the cat and rat.
The transganglionic transport of HRP-WGA indicated marked concentration of central terminals of the tooth pulp primaries in the rostral subdivisions of the brain stem sensory trigeminal nuclear complex.
Sparse labeling was present in trigeminal nucleus caudalis (lamina III-V) and trigeminal nucleus interpolaris; few or no labeled cells were detected in other parts of the trigeminal nuclear complex, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex or trigeminal ganglion. The number of labeled cells was greatly reduced within trigeminal nuclear complex, parabrachial nucleus and medullary lateral reticular nucleus, but not within the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema or ependyma when blood was injected into adult animals in which unmyelinated C-fibers were destroyed by neonatal capsaicin treatment.
Additionally, the ACE conditioning stimulation inhibited the JOR induced by the stimulation of the sensory trigeminal nuclear complex in a similar manner, but not the jaw-opening response induced by the stimulation of the trigeminal motor nucleus (Mo V).
The time course and distribution of cell death in the trigeminal nuclear complex of the rat has been examined with the aid of sections stained for Nissl substance and succinic dehydrogenase activity. Cell death ceases simultaneously, at about P10, in all parts of the trigeminal nuclear complex examined. The data suggest that, in the trigeminal nuclear complex, only half the number of neurons produced survive to maturity.
These experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that a region associated with the trigeminal nuclear complex is selectively involved in mediating the classically conditioned nictitating membrane reflex in the rabbit.
A monoclonal antibody raised against the human nerve growth factor receptor (NGFr) was used to map the distribution of NGFr-immunoreactivity (IR) in the trigeminal nuclear complex of 8- to 10-week-old, immature felines.
Furthermore, the present findings in conjunction with our previous studies clarify that the central projection of primary afferents from the facial skin is organized in a clear somatotopic fashion and that the terminal fields of primary afferents from the intraoral structures extensively overlap in the brain stem trigeminal nuclear complex particularly in its rostral subdivisions.
These findings suggest that the SA units of the thalamus receive periodontal inputs directly from the trigeminal nuclear complex (Vcomp) of the brain stem, while the RA units receive them polysynaptically from the Vcomp via other pathways..
5) The incidence of single tooth units in the thalamus was extremely low, compared with those in the primary afferents and in the trigeminal nuclear complex. Most of the thalamic neurons had larger receptive fields than both the primary afferents and the trigeminal nuclear complex neurons. However, it is still unclear whether these fibers come through the intrathalamic neurons or directly from the trigeminal nuclear complex..
Injections of anterogradely transported tracers were placed selectively in the caudal nucleus of the spinal trigeminal nuclear complex, and retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or fluorescent dyes were placed on the surface or into the depths of defined parts of the trigeminal representation in the first somatic sensory area (SI) of the cerebral cortex.
Further, we discuss the regulation of expression of two opioid peptides, preproenkephalin and preprodynorphin, in laminae I and II of the spinal cord and in nucleus caudalis of the trigeminal nuclear complex, where they may play a role in pain modulation.
In addition, SP-positive neurons were identified in the trigeminal ganglion and SP-labelled terminals in the sensory trigeminal nuclear complex and in the solitary tract nucleus.
In view of the known distribution of CA within the rodent nervous system, the CA-containing cells are considered to represent the tooth pulp primaries conducting in A-beta velocity range and projecting to rostral subdivisions of the brainstem sensory trigeminal nuclear complex..
Dense terminal degeneration was observed in the trigeminal nuclear complex of all seven rats studied at 2 and 7 days.
Preterminal and terminal degenerating fibres were visualized in the caudal part of the trigeminal nuclear complex.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the distribution and spatial arrangements of nociceptive modulatory transmitters with nociceptive afferents and trigemino-thalamic relay cells in the rostral portion of the spinal trigeminal nuclear complex.
Preproenkephalin (preproenkephalin A) and preprodynorphin (preproenkephalin B) are the opioid peptide genes expressed in neurons of the nucleus caudalis of the trigeminal nuclear complex.
Following injection of WGA-HRP in the incisive papilla terminal labeling was observed in all subdivisions of the sensory trigeminal nuclear complex.
The volume of the nucleus interpolaris (NI) of the trigeminal nuclear complex in the brainstem decreased by 33%, while the number of its neuronal perikarya decreased only moderately.
Ipsilateral afferent projections were traced caudal to the level of entrance of the facial nerve and into tractus solitarius (TS), located dorsomedial to the spinal trigeminal nuclear complex.
The characteristics of this model are: the pattern of implantation of the vibrissae at the periphery and that of the arrangement of barrels in the contralateral cortical projection area of vibrissae as well as that of the "barreloïds" in the subcortical vibrissal relays (somato sensory thalamus and trigeminal nuclear complex) are homeomorphic with one another.
The fluorescent dyes True Blue, Fast Blue, Nuclear Yellow and SITS were used to examine the connections of the rat brainstem sensory trigeminal nuclear complex (nV).
The results suggest that the zona incerta receives its main input from several territories of the cerebral cortex, the mesencephalic reticular formation, deep cerebellar nuclei, regions of the sensory trigeminal nuclear complex and the dorsal column nuclei.
Eleven Macaque monkeys underwent a variety of lesions in the trigeminal afferent system; namely, tractotomy, rhizotomy, and radiofrequency destruction of various components of the bulbospinal trigeminal nuclear complex.
Projections from the following regions are in general agreement with previous results in rats, but show significant topographical differences: the first cervical segment; nuclei gracilis, cuneatus, and cuneatus lateralis; the midline and lateral reticular nuclear complex; the trigeminal nuclear complex (spinal, principal, and mesencephalic); nucleus of the tractus solitarius; the medial, lateral, and descending vestibular nuclei, nuclei coeruleus and subcoeruleus; superior colliculus; interstitial nucleus of Cajal, and the deep cerebellar nuclei.
The spatial configuration of the trigeminal nuclear complex has been determined using new computer techniques aided by color graphic display facilities.
The distribution of serotonin immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) fibers in the trigeminal nuclear complex of the rat was mapped.
The trigeminal nuclear complex and its spinal tract extend throughout the greater part of the brain-stem and at medullary levels form the target site for producing stereotactic lesions. Specific programs were used to reconstruct serial transverse section outlines and incorporate the trigeminal nuclear complex with and without hidden line removal techniques and colour graphic display facilities.
Neurons which project to both dorsal and ventral folia of PML are located primarily in those areas of the trigeminal nuclear complex interpreted as nucleus interpolaris (Vi) and caudal areas of the nucleus oralis (Vo).
Cell body groups are found in the inner aspect of the substantia gelatinosa of the caudal trigeminal nuclear complex, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the parabrachial nuclei, the locus coeruleus, the dorsal raphé nucleus, the periaqueductal gray matter, and the ventral tegmental area of Tsai.
Cell bodies are found in the substantia gelatinosa and interpolaris zones of the trigeminal nuclear complex, the nucleus of the solitary tract, in the vicinity of the nucleus raphé magnus, in the dorsal cochlear, medial vestibular, and paraolivary nuclei and, dorsal to this last region, in the parabrachial nuclei and the dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden, in the periaqueductal gray matter and interpeduncular nucleus and along the borders of the lateral lemniscus and medial geniculate.
Unit activity was recorded extracellularly from lamb's nucleus principalis and pars oralis of trigeminal nuclear complex following moderate manual stretching of individual extraocular muscles. The topographic organization of eye muscle proprioception in the trigeminal nuclear complex described above closely corresponds to that reported by previous authors in the Gasser ganglion..
The trigeminal nuclear complex--the nucleus of the spinal tract and the mesencephalic, principal sensory, and motor nuclei--all provide uncrossed afferents.
-
[ View All ]
