In this study we sought to investigate structural (gray matter thickness) and functional (blood oxygenation dependent level - BOLD) changes in cortical regions of precisely matched patients with chronic trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) affecting the right maxillary (V2) division of the trigeminal nerve. 
These results demonstrate that trigeminal nerve injury induces a significant alteration in the insular cortex processing of tactile stimuli and suggest that ERK phosphorylation contributes to the mechanisms underlying abnormal pain perception under this condition..
The trigeminocardiac reflex occurs from manipulation or stimulation of peripheral branches or the central component of the trigeminal nerve and consists of bradycardia, hypotension, apnea, and increased gastric motility. The reflex may be prevented by anesthetizing the dura innervated by the trigeminal nerve via injection or topical application of local anesthetic.
Permanent (12 months postoperatively) paraesthesia within third branch of trigeminal nerve were diagnosed more often in patients over 25 years old.
trigeminal nerve fibers in nasal and oral cavities are sensitive to various environmental hazardous stimuli, which trigger many neurotoxic problems such as chronic migraine headache and trigeminal irritated disorders.
OBJECTIVE: Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is usually associated with vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve, but some cases are associated with central lesions such as tumors, aneurysms, or arteriovenous malformations. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 63-year-old right-handed man initially presented in 1993 with left-sided lancinating facial pain in the V2 distribution of the trigeminal nerve; the pain was triggered by certain movements, tactile stimulation, or a hot shower.
This article discusses treatment for trigeminal nerve involvement with herpes zoster, as well as for the painful syndrome PHN..
Since reducing the treatment dose to 1,250 cGy, in 1994, the incidence of facial and trigeminal nerve injury has been <1%.
It contains in its upper part the trigeminal nerve with the superior petrosal vein.
RESULTS: 1) After injection of PRV, PRV-IR positive cells widely distributed in the spinal cord (cervical, thoracic and lumbar segments), brain stem (nucleus of solitary tract, cuneate nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus, nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal nerve, nucleus raphe magnus, locus caeruleus, etc), hypothalamus and cerebral cortex in each group.
RESULTS: In the orbital apex, the nasociliary, frontal, lacrimal, and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve demonstrated intense staining upon entering the orbit. CONCLUSIONS: Sympathetic nerves enter the orbit via the first and second divisions of the trigeminal nerve and a plexus of nerves surrounding the ophthalmic artery.
Since Dandy first reported vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve, the concept of neurovascular compression syndrome for trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm (HFS) has been accepted, and neurovascular decompression has been performed for this condition. We present our series of 124 patients with preoperative evidently positive finding of vascular compression to the trigeminal nerve (MRI).
Nose and throat irritation, at concentrations below which hyperplasia/metaplasia occurs, are most likely the manifestation of trigeminal nerve stimulation (sensory irritation).
Methods.- Noxious electrodermal stimuli were delivered to the trigeminal nerve using a concentric electrode designed to selectively activate nociceptive fibers.
We believe the headaches were initiated by night guard-initiated irritation of the trigeminal nerve and a trigeminal autonomic reflex resulting in unilateral migrainous headache with autonomic signs..
The other factors are the hearing level, deafness duration, trigeminal nerve involved, vestibular status and ABR desynchronization.
Activation of the trigeminal nerve results in antidromic release of CGRP, acting through a CGRP1 receptor.
OJECTIVES: In normal and anosmic patients, l-menthol inhalation is responsible for the subjective sensation of increased nasal permeability, related to a stimulation of the internal nasal nerve (branch of trigeminal nerve) endings connected with cold pressor receptors. CONCLUSION: The authors suggest that the nasal obstruction sensation could result, in this case, from post-trauma anesthesia of the trigeminal nerve, particularly its internal nasal nerve branch.
METHODS: Of 1000 patients who underwent RF-TR, 100 were retrospective and randomly selected and divided into study groups according to postoperative hypoesthesia in the trigeminal nerve divisions. The lowest values of petroelectrodal angle/orbitomeatal electrodal angle and petroelectrodal angle/ petroclival angle were detected in patients with V3 TN, whereas the greatest values were in patients who had TN in all branches of the trigeminal nerve.
METHODS: A numeric mandibular model based on the boundary element method was created to simulate a mandibular segment containing a threaded fixture so that the pressure on the trigeminal nerve, as induced by the occlusal loads, could be assessed.
Trigeminal sensory deficits, bilateral involvement of the trigeminal nerve, and abnormal trigeminal reflexes are associated with an increased risk of symptomatic TN (STN) and should be considered useful in distinguishing STN from classic trigeminal neuralgia (Level B). There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the usefulness of MRI to identify neurovascular compression of the trigeminal nerve (Level U).
Responses resulting from injury to the trigeminal nerve exhibit differences compared with those caused by lesion of other peripheral nerves. Whereas CCI induced microglial activation in both models, we observed a concomitant upregulation of IL-6 and ATF3 in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the lumbar cord in SN-CCI rats but not in the ipsilateral spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (Sp5c) in IoN-CCI rats.
Good results have also been achieved in trigeminal nerve stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation.
trigeminal nerve damage often leads to chronic pain syndromes including trigeminal neuralgia, a severely debilitating chronic orofacial pain syndrome.
However, such changes are easily evoked by irritants activating the trigeminal nerve..
Trigeminal neuralgia is sudden, usually unilateral, severe, stabbing, brief recurrent pain in the distribution area of one or more of the branches of trigeminal nerve. The patient presented in the emergency room with severe pain in the distribution area of maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve, resistant to conventional pharmacotherapy, managed successfully with gabapentin without untoward side-effects..
Others attribute it to an alteration of the nervous system at the encephalic level or to an interstitial neuritis of the trigeminal nerve.
Most trigeminal neuralgia is attributable to vascular compression of the root entry zone of the trigeminal nerve at the pons.
trigeminal nerve stimulation elicited disynaptic excitatory responses in RS neurons, and bath application of 5-HT reduced the response amplitude with maximum effect at 10 mum. In addition, 5-HT increased the threshold for eliciting sustained depolarizations in response to trigeminal nerve stimulation but did not prevent them.
Their common denominator is communication between fibres running in those roots and neurons of trigeminal nerve. Many authors describe a possibility of such connection through the jelly-like nucleus of the trigeminal nerve located in the back funiculi of spinal cord. In this mechanism, the pain conducted via occipital nerves may affect activity of neurons of the trigeminal nerve and influence areas innervated by the trigeminal nerve.
We report a 21-year-old immunocompetent man in which symptomatic perineural extension of aspergillosis along the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve was accurately diagnosed on imaging..
Cranial MRI demonstrated vascular compression of the right trigeminal nerve at the cerebellopontine angle by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery.
The lesion covered the upper two-thirds of the right trigeminal nerve dermatome, involving half of the face with the forehead, the periorbital area, upper part of the cheek and the nose.
We studied the anatomical relationship of the foramen spinosum to the foramen ovale, the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve, the greater superficial petrosal nerve, and the petrous part of the internal carotid artery in 12 cadaver heads.
At one year, the patient had to undergo MVD for the left trigeminal nerve with complete relief over both sides of his face without any medication. CONCLUSIONS: The underlying neuropathy in CMT makes the trigeminal nerve more vulnerable to vascular compression than usual. The bilateral compression of the trigeminal nerve-pons junction in our patient suggests that the external pressure probably adds to the internal defects in central myelin formation, structure or maintenance.
RESULTS: Preoperative agreement was less than 10 percent for all nerves, and retrospectively was 56 percent for the trigeminal nerve and 40 percent for the facial nerve.
Subsequent Fos studies also showed that peripheral NBQX pre-treatment effectively reduced the MO-induced neuronal activation in the subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal nerve (Vc).
RESULTS: The petrosal vein was present in all cases and joined the superior petrous sinus always lateral to the trigeminal nerve as a single trunk.
The unique course of the trigeminal nerve allows these tumors to grow into various intracranial compartments.
Pathogenesis of this syndrome is not clear: some authors refer the atrophy of subcutaneous system to the alteration of sympathetic system, whereas others refer it to an alteration of the nervous system referred to the encephalic level or to an interstitial neuritis of the trigeminal nerve.
To treat acoustic neuroma (AN) patients with or without neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) associations, the functional preservation of hearing, trigeminal nerve, and facial nerve are important.
A magnetic resonance imaging scan revealed the presence of a venous angioma in close relationship with the trigeminal nerve and the intrapontine tract of its fibers. At the entry zone of the nerve root, the trigeminal nerve was found to be compressed by a loop of the superior cerebellar artery, which was moved and repositioned away from the nerve.
The petrosal artery frequently gives rise to a branch to the trigeminal nerve.
The primary target was the cisternal component of the trigeminal nerve.
CONCLUSION: In this largest series in the literature of linear accelerator-based RS and SRT for VS NF2 patients, excellent local control rates were found with minimal facial and trigeminal nerve toxicity.
We studied the morphology of the chondrocranial orbitotemporal region in the snakelike gymnophthalmid lizard Bachia bicolor and its relation to other structures such as the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and eye muscles, to show its particular morphology, and discuss the homology of some skeletal structures relative to other squamates.
In subgroup III(a) (n=12) no nerve repairs were performed, while in subgroup III(b) (n=12) the zygomaticoorbital, bucolabial and upper marginal mandibular branches of the facial nerve, and the infraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve were repaired.
In addition, the number of labeled neurons in the interstitial system of the trigeminal nerve was reduced by 43% in mdx mice.
Diagnosis of TTS is one of exclusion as it can mimic many other conditions, and should be considered in patients with unilateral painless ulcerations with a history of trigeminal nerve damage..
We have investigated a possible role for the ATP receptor subunit P2X(3), in the development of neuropathic pain following injury to a peripheral branch of the trigeminal nerve.
Tactile, proprioceptive, and nociceptive information, including also chemosensory functions are expressed in the trigeminal nerve sensory response.
Herpes zoster in the distribution of the maxillary and mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve is characterized by painful vesicular eruptions of the skin and oral mucosa in the distribution of the affected nerves. A case of HZ of the trigeminal nerve in an HIV-seropositive subject, with complications of necrosis of alveolar bony process, external root resorption and tooth exfoliation is presented and the literature of HIV-associated HZ is reviewed..
The trigeminal trophic syndrome is an unusual consequence of trigeminal nerve injury that results in facial anaesthesia, dysaesthesia and skin ulceration. To conclude, trigeminal trophic syndrome follows injury to the trigeminal nerve or its nuclei.
The artery of the Superior Orbital Fissure (SOF), originated more often from the infero-lateral trunk, and vascularized the III, IV, VI, and VI, and ophtalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (TGN VI) at their entry in the fissure.
Anatomical evidence and conditioning experiments have recently suggested that magnetoreceptors are located in the upper beak of homing pigeons, where they are innervated by the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. Recent data have shown that, in inexperienced pigeons, section of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve does not impair navigational abilities, whereas the navigational performance of inexperienced pigeons is disrupted after section of the olfactory nerve.
We performed greater occipital nerve blocks on 24 migraineurs with unilateral migraine and trigeminal nerve distribution allodynia. Using a visual analog scale for migraine pain, brush allodynia in the trigeminal nerve distribution and photophobia were reduced 64%, 75%, and 67%, respectively, after 5 minutes.
Tumour origin was classified into four subtypes according to the main attachment and trigeminal nerve deviation into, upper clivus (UC), cavernous sinus (CS), tentorium (TE), and petrous apex (PA).
Sturge-Weber-Krabbe syndrome is a rare congenital neuro-oculo-cutaneous disease, characterized by an unilateral facial vascular nevus which affects at least the first branch of the trigeminal nerve, associated with an ipsilateral leptomeningeal angioma and ipsilateral vascular lesions of the choroid sometimes leading to glaucoma.
It arises secondary to trigeminal nerve injury.
Trigeminal neuralgia is an uncommon disorder characterized by recurrent attacks of lancinating pain in the trigeminal nerve distribution.
TCR occurs during skull base surgery at or around structures that are innervated by any sensory branch of the trigeminal nerve. Thus far, it has not been shown that peripheral stimulation of a trigeminal nerve can also cause this reflex. METHODS: The TCR was defined as clinical hypotension with a drop in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and in heart rate (HR) of more than 20% compared to the baseline level and coinciding with the surgical manipulation at or around any branches of the trigeminal nerve. MANAGEMENT: We present the first report of peripheral stimulation of a sensory branch of the trigeminal nerve that leads to a TCR under general anaesthesia according to our strict criteria as defined in 1999.
These symptoms-tinnitus, ataxia, and hearing loss-secondary to eighth nerve dysfunction, as well as symptoms arising from damage to adjacent structures such as the facial nerve, trigeminal nerve, or pons, can be caused by tumor growth or treatment.
Specifically, the rates of reported tumor control, hearing preservation, facial and trigeminal nerve complications, and hydrocephalus are analyzed.
The vesicles were isolated to the right ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve distribution and the skin was erythematous with associated pustules.
CONCLUSION: (1) Manipulation at or near the trigeminal nerve during the skull base surgery may cause TCR, even if premedication with anticholinergic drug is used; (2) cessation of irritation from surgical manipulation to disrupt the reflex is the most important step to offset TCR; (3) continuous, especially repeated TCR in some rare cases occasionally necessitates the administration of high dose atropine..
Additional potential causes of locked jaw syndrome are masticatory muscle myositis, neoplasia, trigeminal nerve paralysis and central neurological lesions, temporomandibular joint luxation and dysplasia, osteoarthritis, retrobulbar abscess, tetanus, and severe ear disease.
The remainder of the cases comprised miscellaneous causes of dry eye (n = 9, or 25%), which included one each of graft versus host disease, ectodermal dysplasia, ionising radiation damage, cicatrising conjunctivitis from topical medication, trachoma, congenital trigeminal nerve hypoplasia, linear IgA disease, Sjögren syndrome and nutritional deficiency.
OBJECTIVE: The inferior alveolar nerve is the third branch (V3) of the trigeminal nerve and one of the important nerves in dental treatment clinically.
Intranasal administration resulted in significant delivery throughout the CNS (olfactory bulbs, 3.9microM; cortex, 0.3microM; trigeminal nerve, 1.7microM) and deep cervical lymph nodes (4.5microM).
We injected the anterograde tracer, biotin dextran, into areas of the medullary trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C), which receive inputs from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.
We describe three patients with Type-1 TN and trigeminal schwannoma diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging, with concomitant arterial compression of the trigeminal nerve. Subsequent high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in all three patients revealed obvious compression of the trigeminal nerve by an arterial structure.
trigeminal nerve hypoaesthesia at the region of the upper lip was assessed bilaterally by the TSEP method.
On the other hand, trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, and other cranial nerve complications are more common after excision of stage I and II meningiomas..
The successful long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia is largely dependent on the maintenance of the isolation between the trigeminal nerve and the offending vessel, avoiding also the development of scar tissue around the nerve.
Ultra low frequency and low amplitude, transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation (TENS) of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V) was used to relax the masticatory muscles and to facilitate location of a physiological rest position for the mandible.
Imaging of the trigeminal nerve requires a thorough understanding of its anatomy and function, clinical symptoms related to malfunction, and its key pathologies. In this article, the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of the most common conditions causing trigeminal nerve dysfunction at each specific anatomic level are discussed..
SUMMARY: The trigeminal nerve, along with the cervical nerve roots, supplies most of the sensory supply to the head and neck.
We recorded optical signals from the ventral surface of the medulla using a voltage-sensitive dye, and calculated cross-correlations with the integrated respiratory activity of the trigeminal nerve.
RESULTS: Compression of the trigeminal nerve was noted in 24 patients (83%) by an artery (13 patients, 45%), vein (4 patients, 14%), or Teflon (7 patients, 24%).
The model might resemble natural propagation of HSV-1 in humans; spreading from the mouth and lips via the trigeminal nerve to trigeminal ganglia and subsequently entering the central nervous system (CNS).
The primary endpoint was the amelioration of the symptoms-sum-score, which includes all relevant characteristics for rhinosinusitis as headache on bending, frontal headache, sensitivity of pressure points of trigeminal nerve, impairment of general condition, nasal obstruction, rhino-secretion, secretion quantity, secretion viscosity and fever in a treatment period of 7 days. This result is validated by the amelioration of the secondary endpoints headache on bending, frontal headache, sensitivity of pressure points of trigeminal nerve, impairment of general condition, nasal obstruction and rhino-secretion.
In August 2006 he presented with trigeminal neuralgia of the left face in the area innervated by the first and second branches of the trigeminal nerve.
Histological evidence suggests that SCCs express elements of the bitter taste transduction pathway including T2R (bitter taste) receptors, the G protein alpha-gustducin, PLCbeta2, and TRPM5, leading to speculation that SCCs are the receptor cells that mediate trigeminal nerve responses to bitter taste receptor ligands.
Cardiac arrhythmias are rare during transsphenoidal surgery and is often secondary to stimulation of the trigeminal nerve endings that supply the nasal passages and cavernous sinus walls.
In this paper, the authors analyze the anatomic and topographic relationships between the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve and the medial aspect of the TMJ capsule in 8 fresh adult cadavers thus resuming a pathologic relationship between atypical trigeminal symptoms and TMD..
The neurological complications studied included hearing loss, facial palsy, and trigeminal nerve dysfunction.
Nasal trigeminal nerve endings are particularly sensitive to oxidants formed in polluted air and during oxidative stress as well as to chlorine, which is frequently released in industrial and domestic accidents.
BACKGROUND: The nevus of Ota is a dermal nevus characterized by bluish pigmentation in the distribution of the first and the second division of the trigeminal nerve.
METHODS: Analysis of the anatomy of the trigeminal nerve, brainstem, and vessels was performed in 89 consecutive patients treated by Leksell gamma knife (Elekta Instruments, Stockholm, Sweden) for classic trigeminal neuralgia.
Here, we examined whether these positive effects were: (1) correlated with alterations of the afferent connections of regenerated facial motoneurons, and (2) whether they were achieved by enhanced sensory input through the intact trigeminal nerve.
OBJECTIVE: The retrosigmoid intradural suprameatal approach includes the standard retrosigmoid suboccipital route with drilling of the petrous bone above and anterior of the internal auditory meatus, allowing for exposure of the trigeminal nerve within the Meckel's cave and of the middle fossa.
Short-latency responses can be recorded in sternocleidomastoid muscles after stimulation of the trigeminal nerve (trigemino-cervical reflex).
Cessation or marked slowing of flow at the onset of each expiration (termed braking) was used as a biomarker for trigeminal nerve stimulation. These results suggest trigeminal nerve responsiveness is enhanced by exposure to malodorants through a theophylline-sensitive paracrine signaling pathway between olfactory and trigeminal nerves..
trigeminal nerve was most frequently involved, followed by facial, abducens, oculomotor and cochlear nerves.
The present results suggest that both CBZ and ATL, common drugs used for treating neuropathic pain, efficiently inhibit TTX-R Na+ channels expressed on immature TG neurons, and that these drugs might be useful for the treatment of trigeminal nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain, as well as the inhibition of ongoing central sensitization, even during immature periods..
AO is a persistent neuropathic pain which may be initiated after deafferentiation of trigeminal nerve fibers following root canal treatment, apicectomy, or tooth extraction, or it may be of idiopathic origin.
Twelve patients had glaucoma, with the port-wine stains involving the ophthalmic (V1) division of the trigeminal nerve. The highest proportion of patients with glaucoma came from those with involvement of the maxillary (V2) and/or mandibular (V3) division of the trigeminal nerve.
UBCs and granules are also present in regions previously not included in the GCS, namely the rostrodorsal magnocellular portions of ventral cochlear nucleus, vestibular nerve root, trapezoid body, spinal tract and sensory and principal nuclei of the trigeminal nerve, and cerebellar peduncles.
There are two functional pathways for the nasotrigeminal reflex: the spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve (SPV) to the Kölliker-Fuse (KF) nucleus and the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) to the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBl).
Because migraine is mediated by branches of the trigeminal nerve it has the potential to mimic other types of pains, such as toothache or sinusitis.
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) has been recognized as one of the most common neurovascular syndromes caused by the vascular contact of the trigeminal nerve in its root entry zone (REZ) with a branch of the superior or anterior inferior cerebellar arteries, leading to a demyelinization of trigeminal sensory fibers within either the nerve root or, less commonly, the brainstem.
Furthermore, he had hearing loss and hypaesthesia of the trigeminal nerve (V3).
BACKGROUND: Trigeminal neuralgia is a debilitating condition caused by compression of the trigeminal nerve, ganglions, or divisions.
In anaesthetized animals the trigeminal and vestibular nerves were prepared, and their proximal stumps were labeled either with fluorescein binding dextran amine (trigeminal nerve) or tetramethylrhodamine dextran amine (vestibulocochlear nerve). In agreement with the results obtained in mammalian species, the present findings suggest that the vestibulotrigeminal relationship is quite complex and uses multiple pathways to connect the vestibular apparatus with the motor and sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve in the anurans as well..
Furthermore, by labeling the lamprey oral region, the somatotopic projections of the trigeminal nerve that enter into the hindbrain become visible.
The authors present a case of amyloid infiltration involving the trigeminal nerve that mimicked a malignant cavernous sinus tumor with perineural tumor infiltration. A 64-year-old man presented with trigeminal nerve numbness. Imaging revealed a plaque-like enhancing lesion along the right lateral cavernous sinus extending anteriorly into Meckel's cave and involving the proximal V2 and V3 branches of the trigeminal nerve. Thus, amyloidomas can involve the trigeminal nerve or ganglia and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a cavernous sinus lesion mimicking a tumor. Patients may have symptomatic improvement of trigeminal neuropathy with resection of the amyloidoma outside the nerve capsule that is compressing the nerve, while resection of the lesion from within the capsule may result in permanent trigeminal nerve dysfunction..
BACKGROUND : We describe our method and mapping technique of the trigeminal nerve using a quadripolar electrode to minimize morbidity of percutaneous thermocoagulation as treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.
Nevus of Ota is a dermal melanocytosis, clinically localized on skin that is innervated by the first and second branches of the trigeminal nerve.
It appears far more likely that the trigeminal pathways play a significant role in this behavior because the central projections of the trigeminal nerve are more mature at birth in this marsupial..
RESULTS: The mean (+/- standard deviation) length of the trigeminal nerve was 9.66 +/- 1.71 mm, the mean distance between the bilateral trigeminal nerves was 31.97 +/- 1.82 mm, and the mean angle between the trigeminal nerve and the midline was 9.71 +/- 5.83 degrees . The trigeminal nerve was significantly longer in older patients. Of 220 trigeminal nerves, 108 (49.0%; 51 women and 57 men) came in contact with vasculature.
Using 3D reconstructed high-resolution balanced fast-field echo (BFFE) images fused with 3D time-of-flight (TOF) magnetic resonance (MR) angiography and Gd-enhanced 3D spoiled gradient recalled sequence, it is possible to objectively visualize the trigeminal nerve and nearby arteries and veins. The third patient had a small vein embedded in the trigeminal nerve that was beyond the resolution of the 3D Gd-enhanced study.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain demonstrated a wedge-shaped infarct at the root entry zone (REZ) of the right trigeminal nerve in the pons.
The olfactory bulbs and trigeminal nerve exhibited [ (125)I]-IFN-beta1b levels significantly greater than in peripheral organs and at least one order of magnitude higher than any other nervous tissue area sampled.
Subsequent disturbances of the ipsilateral VII (and later VIII) nerves prompted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of one patient, while the possibility of a central lesion was recognised at presentation in the second, whose atypical focus of trigeminal neuralgia was labile within the ipsilateral distribution of the trigeminal nerve.
Recently, we showed that extra-trigeminal axons, originating from the hypoglossal nucleus, travel with the infraorbital division of the trigeminal nerve (ION), which is known to innervate the rat mystacial pad.
SCCs are innervated by peptidergic trigeminal nerve fibers (Finger et al. We tested the dependence of SCCs on innervation by eliminating trigeminal nerve fibers during development with neurogenin-1 knockout mice, during early postnatal development with capsaicin desensitization, and during adulthood with trigeminal lesioning.
Trigeminal neuralgia is a recognized complication in patients with intracranial tumours affecting the trigeminal nerve.
RESULTS: The sequelae of RFS for which BTX-A injection was thought to be indicated include radiation-induced cervical dystonia in 18 (78%), trigeminal nerve or cervical plexus neuralgia in 10 (43%), trismus in 7 (30%), migraine in 3 (13%), and thoracic pain in 1 (4%) patient.
Magnetic resonance imaging scans showed a slight enhancement in the pontomesencephalic cistern as well as a neurovascular conflict at the right trigeminal nerve. Intraoperatively, thickened fibrous tissue was found that was attached to both the trigeminal nerve and the superior cerebellar artery.
There was some numbness in the V1 distribution of the trigeminal nerve.
The branches of the trigeminal nerve and the sensory nerves originating from the upper cervical plexus can be targeted at several anatomical locations.
These sites were arranged in a vertical, horizontal, and circular manner encompassing the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve.
MRI revealed a thalamic lesion and an enhancement of the right trigeminal nerve clinically associated with mild hypasthesia in the right maxillary region.
The amygdalae send impulses to the hypothalamus for activation of the sympathetic nervous system, to the reticular nucleus for increasing reflexes, to the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve and facial nerve for facial expressions of fear, and to the ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus for activation of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine release.
Thus, with the exception of the trigeminal nerve, this reporter faithfully reproduces endogenous embryonic neural Hoxb4 expression, and provides an excellent reagent for in vivo gene manipulations in neuronal Hoxb4 positive cells as well as the developing trigeminal nerve.
Severe adhesions between the trigeminal nerve and the tumour was observed in 2 patients.
The distribution of the pain was orbital and temporal in 77% of the patients, retro-orbital in 61%, frontal in 55%, occipital in 42%; although pain was also reported in the vertex, second division of trigeminal nerve, neck, nose, jaw, parietal region, ear, teeth, eyebrow, shoulder (ipsilateral and bilateral), arm and third division of trigeminal nerve.
All exhibited neuropathy of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V).
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the short-term and long-term curative effect of microvascular decompression sensory root of trigeminal nerve combing (MVD + SRTNC) by post-sigmoid approach as well as the complications in these operations.
The upregulation of TRPV1 in uninjured TG neurons may play an important role in pain hypersensitivity after trigeminal nerve injury.
Several mechanisms are currently thought to contribute to migraine pathogenesis, including interictal neuronal hyperexcitability, cortical spreading depression underlying the symptom of aura, and trigeminal nerve activation at a peripheral and central level.
Following trigeminal nerve activation, afferent release of CGRP causes vasodilation while efferent release leads to pain. We propose that following trigeminal nerve activation, CGRP secretion from neuronal cell bodies activates satellite glial cells that release NO and initiate inflammatory events in the ganglia that contribute to peripheral sensitization in migraine..
Second surgery revealed the SCA was suspended from the tentorium, but the trigeminal nerve was stretched and displaced superolaterally because of adhesion to the superior petrosal vein. The nerve was meticulously dissected from the adhesion, and the trigeminal nerve was placed in the correct position.
The end branches of the trigeminal nerve could potentially be used for restoration of sensation (type 1 flap).
The pathophysiology of cluster headache (CH) is supposed to involve the lower posterior part of the hypothalamus, the trigeminal nerve, autonomic nerves and vessels in the orbital/retro-orbital region.
The results showed that numerous branches of diameter 50-150 microm ran directly from the trigeminal nerve, more from the outer and less from the deeper surface, innervating the walls of the trigeminal cavity.
The third day after admission and 10 days after the initial appearance of pain, vesicles appeared on the left forehead, which enabled a diagnosis of herpes zoster of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve.
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