The roof plate of the caudal diencephalon is formed by the posterior commissure (PC) and the underlying secretory ependyma, the subcommissural organ (SCO). 
Surprisingly, in the brain/spinal cord of both normal and injured animals, anti-GAP-43-like labeling was only observed in the subcommissural organ (SCO) and Reissner's fibre (RF).
Reissner's fibre (RF) is formed by the polymerization of the glycoprotein secreted by the subcommissural organ (SCO).
Surprisingly, Hspa2 was a putative secretory protein in intestine, endometrial glands and subcommissural organ.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a CVO expressing BDK-B2 receptors and secreting Reissner's fiber (RF) glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid.
However, disease gene identification and characterization of multiple transgenic mouse models has highlighted the importance of the subcommissural organ (SCO) and the ventricular ependymal (vel) cells.
Our results show that hydrocephalus in mice lacking htt in Wnt1 cell lineages is associated with increase in CSF production by the choroid plexus, and abnormal subcommissural organ..
Dab2 protein was also identified within circumventricular organs including the choroid plexus, subcommissural organ and pineal gland during their early development. While Dab2 was still strongly expressed in the adult choroid plexus, immunoreactivity within the subcommissural organ and pineal gland was lost after birth.
Very high binding is also present in the choroid plexus, peri-third ventricular ependyma, and the subcommissural organ.
In the brain, the presence of fenestrated endothelial cells is a feature of the circumventricular organs (except the subcommissural organ), among which the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis is located in the anterior part of the third ventricular floor that is lined by specialized ependymal cells known as tanycytes.
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a highly conserved brain gland present throughout the vertebrate phylum; it secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where they aggregate to form Reissner's fiber (RF).
subcommissural organ (SCO)-spondin is a giant glycoprotein of more than 5000 amino acids found in Vertebrata, expressed in the central nervous system and constitutive of Reissner's fiber.
The secretory activity of subcommissural organ cells is controlled by various extrinsic and intrinsic factors. In this work, we examined the effect of lead exposure on the subcommissural organ (SCO), a brain gland known by its secretion of Reissner's fiber (RF) in cerebro-spinal fluid.
The circumventricular organs are small sized structures lining the cavity of the third ventricle (neurohypophysis, vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, subfornical organ, pineal gland and subcommissural organ) and of the fourth ventricle (area postrema). Their particular location in relation to the ventricular cavities is to be noted: the subfornical organ, the subcommissural organ and the area postrema are situated at the confluence between ventricles while the neurohypophysis, the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis and the pineal gland line ventricular recesses.
Gene disruption in mice demonstrated that interruption of a single allele (heterozygous, +/-) prevented formation of the subcommissural organ (SCO), resulting in congenital hydrocephalus, whereas interruption of two alleles (homozygous, -/-) caused fatal failure of dorsal midline brain structure formation.
Our findings agree with the original hypothesis that the cells composing the PTPR are similar to ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ, thus furthering the hypothesis that the PTPR derives from a specialized ependymocyte associated with the subcommissural organ.
Hydrocephalic Ro1 mice displayed enlarged ventricles, partial denudation of the ependymal cell layer, altered subcommissural organ morphology, and obliteration of the cerebral aqueduct.
Ependyma in the central nervous system gives rise to several specialized cell types, including the secretory ependymal cells located in the subcommissural organ. A specific secretion of the subcommissural organ was named SCO-spondin, regarding its marked homology with developmental proteins of the thrombospondin superfamily (presence of thrombospondin type 1 repeats). The ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ and SCO-spondin secretion are suspected to play a crucial role in cerebrospinal fluid flow and/or homeostasis. There is a close correlation between absence of the subcommissural organ and hydrocephalus in rat and mouse strains exhibiting congenital hydrocephalus, and in a number of mice transgenic for developmental genes. The ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ are under research as a key factor in several developmental processes of the central nervous system..
For the first time, using immunohistochemistry, the presence and regulation of receptors for leptin (Ob-R) and estradiol-17beta subtype alpha (ERalpha) were studied in the subcommissural organ (SCO) of rabbits, which were fed either ad libitum (control) or fasted for 48 h (treated) to verify whether this brain structure is a potential site of integration for metabolism and reproduction.
Papillary tumor of the pineal region (PTPR) is a recently described tumor entity thought to arise from the specialized ependyma of the subcommissural organ.
RFX3 is expressed strongly in the ciliated ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ (SCO), choroid plexuses (CP) and ventricular walls during embryonic and postnatal development.
SCO-spondin is a multidomain glycoprotein secreted by the subcommissural organ (SCO).
Regulatory factor X4 variant transcript 3 (Rfx4_v3) gene disruption in mice demonstrated that interruption of a single allele (heterozygous, +/-) prevented formation of the subcommissural organ, resulting in congenital hydrocephalus, while interruption of two alleles (homozygous, -/-) caused fatal failure of dorsal midline brain structure formation.
On the basis of the immunophenotypic and ultrastructural properties of these lesions, origin from specialized ependymocytes of the subcommissural organ was postulated.
Several types of tumors are known to originate from the pineal region, among them pineal parenchymal tumors (PPTs) and papillary tumors of the pineal region (PTPRs), probably derived from the subcommissural organ. PTPRs, classified with chordoid glioma and separately from ependymomas, showed high expression of SPEDF, KRT18, and genes encoding proteins reported to be expressed in the subcommissural organ, namely ZFH4, RFX3, TTR, and CGRP.
Remarkably, Tg mice developed dose-dependent hydrocephalus-like characteristics, including enlarged third and lateral ventricles and reduced cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, and subcommissural organ (SCO).
Two important players are the subcommissural organ/Reissner's fiber (SCO/RF) complex and the ventricular ependymal (vel) cells that together facilitate the flow of the CSF through the narrow canals of the ventricular system.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is an ependymal differentiation located in the dorsal midline of the caudal diencephalon under the posterior commissure.
In the mouse, high expression of TAp73 was also detected in the subcommissural organ (SCO), an ependymal gland absent in adult humans.
Several areas, however, proved to be immunonegative: the central canal, the subcommissural organ, the ependymal zone of the median eminence in rat but its whole thickness in chicken, the subtrochlear organ, and the paraventricular organ. Presence of tight junctions coincides with the absence of aquaporin-4 in the ependyma of spinal cord, the subcommissural organ and the ependyma of median eminence..
The aim of this work was to analyze the proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of spontaneously hypertensive rats, to study their possible role in the relationship between hydrocephalus, arterial hypertension and alterations in the subcommissural organ.
HSD2 immunoreactivity was also found in the ependymal cells that form the subcommissural organ.
We also report that a well defined group of neurons bordering the third ventricle and located close to the subcommissural organ shows an intense metallothionein-I-II immunopositivity.
Additional immunostained cells were found in the septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, subfornical organ and subcommissural organ.
Expression of cGKI protein was detected not only in the previously described areas (cerebellum, hippocampus, dorsomedial hypothalamus) but also in a number of additional regions, such as medulla, subcommissural organ, cerebral cortex, amygdala, habenulae, various hypothalamic regions, olfactory bulb, pituitary gland, and retina.
Immunohistochemical analyses did not suggest a developmental abnormality of the subcommissural organ but rather a hamartomatous malformative process.
RF develops by the assembly of glycoproteins released into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by the subcommissural organ (SCO).
subcommissural organ (SCO) secretory activity of the goat (variations of Capra hircus, that live in arid conditions) was examined during the postnatal development, using specific antibodies against the Reissner's fibre (AFRU) and angiotensin II (AAGII).
In situ hybridization studies detected the presence of the corresponding mRNA precursor in snake brain regions correlated with neuroendocrine functions, such as the ventro-medial hypothalamus, the paraventricular nuclei, the paraventricular organ, and the subcommissural organ.
In the present investigation, we have identified the subcommissural organ (SCO) as a new source of brain TTR.
This glycoprotein is also produced by the dorsal median subcommissural organ (SCO).
High levels of expression were also detected in non-neuronal cells of the subcommissural organ, but the expression was almost undetectable throughout precursor cells to mature neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
However, Socs7-/- mice were 7-10% smaller than their wild-type littermates, and within 15 weeks of age approximately 50% of the Socs7-/- mice died as a result of hydrocephalus that was characterized by cranial distortion, dilation of the ventricular system, reduced thickness of the cerebral cortex, and disorganization of the subcommissural organ.
Ventricular dilatation is associated with abnormalities in the cerebral aqueduct and subcommissural organ.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a brain gland located in the roof of the third ventricle that releases glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid, where they form a structure known as Reissner's fiber (RF).
The study revealed that Msx1 is strongly expressed in the circumventricular organs, such as the subcommissural organ and choroid plexus, and in some epithelia, such as that of the dorsal, but not the ventral part of the third ventricle.
These histological characteristics matched the description of the recently reported papillary tumor of the pineal region thought to originate from the specialized ependyma of the subcommissural organ (SCO).
The most important features of homozygous mutants that we observed were the absence or malformation of the posterior commissure (PC) and of the subcommissural organ (SCO), the collapse of the cerebral aqueduct, and the development of hydrocephalus.
In the diencephalon, in addition to somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the ependyma, positive cell bodies were also found in the periventricular preoptic nucleus, the infundibular nucleus, the epiphysis, and the subcommissural organ.
We have studied the presence of both tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive nerve fibers and dopamine receptors in the subcommissural organ (SCO), an ependymal brain gland that is located in the roof of the third ventricle and that secretes, into the cerebrospinal fluid, glycoproteins that aggregate to form Reissner's fiber (RF).
The Msx1 mutants display severe hydrocephalus at birth, while the subcommissural organ, the habenula, and the posterior commissure fail to develop correctly. No label was detected in the mutant subcommissural organ using a specific antibody against Reissner's fiber. Besides, the fasciculus retroflexus deviates close to the subcommissural organ, while the paraventricular thalamic nucleus shows histological disorganization. Our results implicate the Msx1 gene in the differentiation of the subcommissural organ cells and posterior commissure and that Msx1 protein may play a role in the pathfinding and bundling of the fasciculus retroflexus and in the structural arrangement of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus..
The chordoid glioma of the third ventricle and the papillary tumor of the pineal region seem to be correlated by a common histogenesis from the specialized ependyma of the subcommissural organ.
We previously described, the subcommissural organ (SCO)-spondin, a member of the 'thrombospondin' super-family, which is strongly expressed during mammalian central nervous system development.
Starting at midgestation, Pcp4l1 is mainly expressed in the structures of the circumventricular organs, including the subcommissural organ, the rhombencephalic and telencephalic choroid plexi, and the pineal gland.
The H-Tx rat has fetal-onset hydrocephalus associated with closure of the cerebral aqueduct and a reduction in the secretory cells of the subcommissural organ (SCO), a circumventricular organ situated in the dorsal wall of the cerebral aqueduct.
SCO-spondin is a large glycoprotein secreted by ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ. We discuss the putative involvement of the subcommissural organ/Reissner's fiber complex in developmental events, as a particular extracellular signaling system..
The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the cellular phenomena occurring at the site of aqueduct obliteration and the probable participation of the subcommissural organ in this process. The findings indicate that the following sequence of events lead to hydrocephalus: 1) denudation of the ventral ependyma (embryonic life); 2) denudation of dorsal ependyma and failure of the subcommissural organ to form Reissner fiber (first postnatal week); 3) obliteration of distal end of aqueduct; and 4) severe hydrocephalus.
Bis protein was also expressed in several structures associated with the ventricular system, including the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and its rostral extension, in the subcommissural organ, and in tanycytes, radial glial cells in the hypothalamus.
Immuno-electron microscopy specifically enhanced with silver staining has been used to demonstrate the localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the ependymocytes of the hamster subcommissural organ (SCO).
Interruption of a single allele prevented formation of the subcommissural organ, a structure important for cerebrospinal fluid flow through the aqueduct of Sylvius, and resulted in congenital hydrocephalus. These data implicate the RFX4_v3 variant transcript as being crucial for early brain development, as well as for the genesis of the subcommissural organ.
SCO-spondin is specifically expressed in the subcommissural organ (SCO), a secretory ependymal differentiation lining the roof of the third ventricular cavity of the brain.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is an ependymal brain gland that secretes into the cerebrospinal fluid glycoproteins that polymerize, forming Reissner's fiber (RF).
Moreover, other sources of additions to the CSF exist, notably the subcommissural organ, which sits at the opening of the third ventricle into the cerebral aqueduct and is the source of Reisner's fibre, glycoproteins, and unknown soluble proteins.
jararaca brain, such as the ventromedial hypothalamus, the paraventricular nuclei, the paraventricular organ, and the subcommissural organ.
There is a pineal recess and a well-developed subcommissural organ at the rostral end of the aqueduct.
The morphofunctional features of these papillary tumors of the pineal region, remarkably uniform within this series, are similar to those described for ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ, and the papillary tumors of the pineal region may be derived from these specialized ependymocytes..
Nestin, a marker of immature neural cells, was observed in some proliferative subependymal cells, some classical ependymocytes and in the specialized ependymocytes of the subcommissural organ, the collicular recess and the tanycytes.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a brain gland that secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where they subsequently aggregate to form Reissner fiber (RF).
In this paper an attempt is made by extensive review of the literature to give an account of the significance of the subcommissural organ (SCO) in humans and its possible relationship with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) disorders. The subcommissural organ is a gland located in the diencephalic plate caudal to the pineal organ that covers the anterior part of the posterior commissure.
SCO-spondin is a large-molecular mass glycoprotein, secreted by the subcommissural organ (SCO), which has been implicated in neuronal development during ontogeny of the central nervous system.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is an ependymal brain gland that synthesizes and secretes glycoproteins.
The protein is also expressed in several structures associated with the ventricular system, including the subventricular zone (SVZ), the subcommissural organ, and the periventricular grey at rostral and caudal tips of the fourth ventricle.
The subcommissural organ (SCO), an ependymal (glial) circumventricular organ, releases glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid; however, the regulation of its secretory activity is largely unknown.
Involvement of the subcommissural organ (SCO) in the correct development of the axial skeleton via the thread-like Reissner's fiber (RF) has been suggested.
During brain development, Pax6 is expressed in specific regions of the diencephalon including secretory cells of the subcommissural organ (SCO), a circumventricular organ at the forebrain-midbrain boundary that originates from the pretectal dorsal midline neuroepithelial cells beneath the posterior commissure (PC).
The defect in these embryos also includes loss of the hindbrain floor plate and a delayed in the expression of Reissner fiber glycoproteins by the subcommissural organ..
The subcommissural organ (SCO) of the Mongolian gerbil has been studied by transmission electron microscopy.
The fact that antisera raised against subcommissural organ (SCO) secretion immunostain FP cells and react with high-molecular-mass proteins in FP extracts, prompted us to investigate the expression of a SCO-related polypeptide in FP cells.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) and the floor plate (FP) secrete high molecular weight glycoproteins that polymerize in the form of the Reissner's fiber (RF).
In contrast, a few other regions, such as the pineal gland and the subcommissural organ, showed a high concentration of ANF-like immunoreactivity but did not contain ANF-binding sites.
SCO-spondin is a newly identified protein that is strongly expressed in the subcommissural organ (SCO), an ependymal differentiation of the brain.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is an enigmatic secretory gland of the brain, which is believed to be derived from ependymal (glial) precursor cells.
The glial subcommissural organ (SCO) is a conserved structure of the vertebrate brain that secretes a glycoprotein-rich product into both the extracellular matrix and the cerebrospinal fluid of the third ventricle that forms Reissner's fibre (RF). In order to identify specific secretory proteins of the subcommissural organ, a panel of antigen- and epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies was raised against bovine RF to study the distribution of epitopes in Western blots of bovine RF.
The FP cells of the hindbrain secrete a material reacting with antibodies against the secretory glycoproteins of the subcommissural organ (AFRU).
This report presents and discusses findings showing that the FP cells secrete a novel compound, which is recognized by antisera raised against secretory products of the subcommissural organ (SCO).
There is evidence that the subcommissural organ (SCO)--Reissner's fiber (RF) complex is one of the factors involved in the CSF circulation.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a conserved brain gland present throughout the vertebrate phylum.
It grows continuously in the caudal direction by addition of newly released glycoproteins by the subcommissural organ (SCO) to its proximal end.
The subcommissural organ secretes into the third ventricle glycoproteins that condense to form the Reissner's fiber (RF).
The subcommissural organ (SCO) of mammals is innervated by several neuropeptide and neurotransmitter systems.
The neural control of the subcommissural organ (SCO) has been partially characterized.
We also produced Mabs against intracellular secretory glycoproteins of the bovine subcommissural organ (SCO).
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a brain circumventricular organ formed by ependymal and hypendymal secretory cells.
In the cattle, SCO-spondin was shown to be a brain-secreted glycoprotein specifically expressed in the subcommissural organ (SCO), an ependymal differentiation located in the roof of the Sylvian aqueduct.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is one of the most active areas of the ventricular walls secreting into the CSF.
B/K was also expressed in nonneuronal cells such as the tanycytes and the subcommissural organ.
These findings were similar to those described for the secretory ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ, a small structure located in a dorsocaudal region of the third ventricle that undergoes regression after birth in humans. Our observations suggest that chordoid glioma may represent a subtype of ependymoma whose cells resemble the highly specialized ependyma of the subcommissural organ..
The postnatal development of the subcommissural organ (SCO) glycoprotein secretion in form of Reissner's fiber and the putative control of the serotonin innervation upon the SCO activity were examined by immunohistochemistry in the semi-desert rodent, Meriones shawi.
LAT1 was expressed on the microvessels, the subfornical organ, the subcommissural organ, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, ependymal layer of the lateral ventricles, and the olfactory bulb.
in 1954 (Anat Rec 120:917-933) proposed the hypothesis that a dysfunction of the subcommissural organ (SCO) leads to aqueductal stenosis and congenital hydrocephalus.
The cells of pseudostratified columnar ciliated ependyma of the subcommissural organ in the goat were classified into two types on the basis of the distribution of chromatin material and nuclear clefts.
This extracellular matrix glycoprotein of 4,560 amino acids is expressed and secreted early in development by the subcommissural organ (SCO), an ependymal differentiation located in the roof of the Sylvian aqueduct.
SCO-spondin and RF-GlyI are two designations for cDNAs strongly expressed in the bovine subcommissural organ (SCO), characterized, respectively, in 1996 and 1998 by two different research groups.
The choroid plexus, subcommissural organ and pineal gland either fail to form or are atrophic. Comparison with the phenotype of Wnt1(sw/sw) (swaying) mutants suggests that subcommissural organ failure is the main cause of prenatal hydrocephalus observed in both strains.
We investigated immunohistochemically the subcommissural organ (SCO) glycoprotein secretion, its serotoninergic (5-HT) innervation and the possible control of this innervation upon the SCO activity in lizards (Agama impalearis, Saurodactylus mauritanicus and Eumeces algeriensis).
The FP cells of the hindbrain react with antibodies (AFRU) against the glycoproteins secreted by the subcommissural organ (SCO).
By using one polyclonal antiserum raised against bovine Reissner's fiber and seven monoclonal antibodies raised against bovine Reissner's fiber and against immunopurified bovine subcommissural organ glycoproteins, we have investigated two freshwater planarian species (Girardia tigrina, Schmidtea mediterranea) by light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. These results indicate that a secretory substance immunologically similar to the secretion of the vertebrate subcommissural organ is present in primitive tripoblasts such as planarians, suggesting that these secretions are ancient and well conserved in phylogeny..
We investigated immunohistochemically the subcommissural organ (SCO) glycoprotein secretion, its serotoninergic (5-HT) innervation and the possible control of this innervation upon the SCO activity in lizards (Agama impalearis, Saurodactylus mauritanicus and Eumeces algeriensis).
The subcommissural organ is not highly permeable and does not have fenestrated capillaries, but new evidence indicates that it may be involved in the hypertension produced by aldosterone acting on the brain.
The innervation of the frog subcommissural organ was studied by light-microscopic and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry using antisera against serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid decarboxylase, different GABA receptor subunits and bovine Reissner's fibre material (AFRU). Many GABA- and glutamic acid decarboxylase-containing nerve fibres were found at the basal portion of the ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ. Under the electron microscope, these GABA-immunolabelled nerve endings appeared to establish axoglandular synapses with secretory ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ. Since GABA-immunoreactive neurons were present in the frog pineal organ proper and apparently contributed axons to the pineal tract, we suggest that at least part of the GABAergic fibres innervating the frog subcommissural organ could originate from the pineal organ..
subcommissural organ (SCO) is a highly specialized ependymal gland located in the roof of the third ventricle.
However, no immunoreactivity was found in the ependymal cells of non-tanycyte type, which were located in the choroidal plexus, subcommissural organ, and saccus vasculosus.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a specialized ependymal structure of the brain that secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which condense to form a thread-like structure - Reissner's fiber (RF).
In contrast, secretory ependymocytes of the subcommissural organ (SCO) were not stained by either of the two antibodies.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a brain gland secreting glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), where they aggregate forming the Reissner's fiber (RF).
The subcommissural organ (SCO) secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that aggregate and form Reissner's fiber (RF).
In this work the authors have researched ependyma of some parts of subcommissural organ of rats by optic microscopy. Horizontal and frontal brain dissections were performed with a purpose to acquire a good sight into the subcommissural organ. On the basis of optic microscopy of the examined material, numerous morphological variations in the size and appearance of subcommissural organ were determined as well as the presence of many layers of ependymal cells close to the posterior commissura..
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a circunventricular organ secreting glycoproteins into the ventricle.
Bovine SCO-spondin was shown to be a brain-secreted glycoprotein specifically expressed in the subcommissural organ, an ependymal differentiation located in the roof of the Sylvian aqueduct. In addition, conserved glycoproteins present in the subcommissural organ and Reissner's fiber were revealed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies raised against bovine Reissner's fiber.
Expression of 7B2 mRNA was found to be pan-neuronal, but additionally, we observed 7B2 mRNA in ependymal cells and in the subcommissural organ.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is an ependymal brain gland that releases glycoproteins into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid where they condense to form the Reissner's fiber (RF).
Adult brain showed high 11 beta-HSD-2 mRNA expression limited to the subcommissural organ, with lower expression in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, amygdala, locus coeruleus and nucleus tractus solitarius. These discrete areas are compatible with proposed selective central actions of aldosterone on blood pressure (subcommissural organ, nucleus tractus solitarius) and salt appetite (ventromedial nucleus, amygdala).
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a glandular circumventricular organ secreting glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid.
SCO-spondin is a newly identified protein, strongly expressed in the subcommissural organ (SCO), an ependymal differentiation of the brain.
Bovine SCO-spondin is a glycoprotein secreted by the subcommissural organ (SCO), an ependymal derivative located in the roof of the third ventricle.
The bulk of the secretion of the subcommissural organ is formed by glycoproteins that appear to be derived from two precursor forms of 540 and 320 kDa. We report the isolation of three cDNA clones from a cDNA library prepared from bovine subcommissural organ RNA, by using an anti-Reissner's fiber serum for immunoscreening. Northern analyses showed a single mRNA species of approximately 9.5 kb present in the subcommissural organ and missing in the choroid plexus, brain cortex, and liver. In situ hybridization confirmed that the expression of the RNA was restricted to cells of the bovine subcommissural organ. Polyclonal antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide, whose amino-acid sequence was deduced from the 2.5-kb cDNA, reacted specifically with the bovine and rat subcommissural organ-Reissner's fiber complex. In immunoblots of bovine subcommissural organ, this antibody revealed the precursor 540-kDa form and its putative processed form of 450 kDa.
The subcommissural organ is an ependymal gland located at the entrance of the cerebral aqueduct. There is evidence that the subcommissural organ is involved in the pathogenesis of congenital hydrocephalus. The central nervous system of normal and hydrocephalic hyh mice, 1 to 40 days old, was investigated using antibodies recognizing the subcommissural organ secretory glycoproteins, and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The subcommissural organ showed signs of increased secretory activity; it released to the stenosed aqueduct a material that aggregated, but it did not form a Reissner's fiber. A large area of the third ventricular wall differentiated into a secretory ependyma synthesizing a material similar to that secreted by the subcommissural organ. It is concluded that the subcommissural organ changes during hydrocephalus; whether these changes precede hydrocephalus needs to be investigated..
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a phylogenetically ancient and conserved structure.
The spheres remained attached to the surface of the subcommissural organ and became intermingled with infiltrating cells, many of which were immunocytochemically identified as macrophages.
These cells are also supplied with a 9 x 2 + 2 kinocilium that may contact Reissner's fiber, the condensed secretory material of the subcommissural organ.
Midbrain: IRP-LI was most heavily concentrated in the interpeduncular nucleus, nuclei interfascicularis and rostral-linearis, the subcommissural organ, central gray, and in glia surrounding the cerebral aqueduct.
The subcommissural organ of vertebrates secretes glycoproteins into the third ventricle that condense to form Reissner's fiber (RF). Evidence was obtained that the FP secretes into the cerebrospinal fluid a material chemically related to the RF-glycoproteins secreted by the subcommissural organ.
nNOS immunoreactivity was also seen in the epithelium of the choroid plexus, whereas no nNOS immunoreactivity could be found in the subcommissural organ or in the area postrema.
We have successfully studied the effect of specific glycoproteins from the subcommissural organ on neuronal cell adhesion using this cell culture system..
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a circumventricular organ of glial origin typical of all vertebrates.
The subcommissural organ (SCO), which belongs to the circumventricular organs, is a specialized ependymal structure of the brain that secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which condense to form a thread-like structure, the Reissner's fibre (RF).
The subcommissural organ of vertebrates secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid of the third cerebral ventricle. During ontogenetic development, besides the subcommissural organ, the ependyma lining the pontine flexure constitutes an additional Reissner's fiber-secreting gland named flexural organ. We have studied the secretion of the flexural organ and the subcommissural organ in dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) embryos using three different antisera and the lectins concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin. AFRU is an antiserum against the bovine Reissner's fiber, Ab-600 is an antiserum against 600 kDa dogfish subcommissural organ glycoproteins; and APSO is an antiserum against immunoaffinity purified bovine subcommissural organ secretory glycoproteins. These three antisera immunostained the flexural organ indicating that it contains epitopes similar to those present in bovine and dogfish subcommissural organ glycoproteins. It seems highly probable that the flexural organ and the subcommissural organ of dogfish embryos secrete similar compound(s).
The subcommissural organ (SCO) and the cerebral ependyma receive serotoninergic innervation, but little is known about their origin in the raphe nuclei.
Vasopressin content was significantly reduced in brain areas connected by vasopressinergic fibres originating in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: namely central gray, subcommissural organ, organum vasculosum laminae terminalis, dorsal raphe nucleus, and locus coerules.
Other immunoreactive cells contained the subcommissural organ in the roof of the third ventricle and the epithelial lamina of the choroid plexus.
In the CNS of vertebrates, although the subcommissural organ (SCO) has been identified as an ependymal brain gland and Reissner's fiber (RF) as a condensed product of its secretion, the exact nature of the secretory substances has remained elusive.
Reissner's fibre is the condensed form of glycoproteins secreted by the subcommissural organ; it extends through the central canal to the caudal end of the spinal cord. These results suggest that the subcommissural organ/Reissner's fibre complex has multifunctional activities and may modulate cell-cell interactions during the development of the central nervous system..
This isozyme has very limited expression in the adult brain, probably confined to the subregions of the brain stem and the subcommissural organ, where some aldosterone-selective actions may be mediated.
The immunocytochemical localization of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was studied in subcommissural organ (SCO) of aged-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats at 10, 14 and 18 months of age using a polyclonal antibody against bFGF.
We used an antibody specifically labeling the rat FP (FP4) and an antiserum raised against the secretory glycoproteins of the subcommissural organ that also reacts with an intracellular material in the FP.
No differences in GR or MR mRNA expression were found in the OVLT, subcommissural organ, area postrema or nucleus tractus solitarius.
The subcommissural organ is an ependymal brain gland that secretes, into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid, high molecular weight glycoproteins that form Reissner's fiber. Precursor and processed forms of secretion have been demonstrated by immunoblotting in the subcommissural organ of mammals and fish. In the present report, we have studied the subcommissural organ of 13-day-old chick embryos using (1) an antiserum against bovine Reissner's fiber, and (2) the lectins, concanavalin A and Limax flavus agglutinin. Paraffin sections of the subcommissural organ and blots of subcommissural organ extracts have been analyzed. The ependymal cells of sectioned subcommissural organ are strongly stained with the antiserum.
Seasonal variations in the secretory activity of the subcommissural organ (SCO) of snakes and turtles was studied by immunocytochemistry, lectins, and electron microscopy.
The subcommissural organ (SCO), which belongs to the circumventricular organs, is a specialized ependymal structure of the brain that secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which condense to form a thread-like structure, Reissner's fiber (RF).
Secretory glial cells in the roof of the last diencephalic prosomer, ependymocytes and hypendymocytes, form the subcommissural organ.
The subcommissural organ secretes N-linked complex-type glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid. All three antibodies immunostain the bovine subcommissural organ and RF. The material present in a population of ependymal cells of the central canal, and the glycoproteins secreted by the subcommissural organ thus probably have partial chemical identity.
The present investigation has been designed: (1) to obtain antibodies against RF-glycoproteins in their native form (anti-RF-BI), after irreversible denaturation by alkylation (anti-RF-A), and after alkylation and deglycosylation by using endoglycosidase F (anti-RF-DE); (2) to use these antisera for a comparative immunocytochemical study of the subcommissural organ (SCO)-RF complex; (3) to establish the molecular mass of the deglycosylated RF-glycoproteins.
The ependymal regions sealed by tight junctions such as the choroid plexus and the subcommissural organ were not affected.
Many studies have emphasized species differences in the serotoninergic innervation and phenotypic characteristics of the subcommissural organ in mammals. The post-natal distribution patterns of serotonin-containing fibers, the onset of gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake, and glial markers have been studied in the subcommissural organ of the semi-desertic rodent, Meriones shawi, by using immunohistochemical and autoradiographic techniques. Abundant serotoninergic fibers can be observed in the subcommissural organ of the newborn Meriones, some of them running among the ependymocytes and reaching the apical part of this organ. During the first 2 post-natal weeks of development, the subcommissural organ displays a progressive increase of serotonin fiber density throughout the organ, including the apical part. The reappearance of gamma-aminobutyric acid accumulation in ependymocytes of the adult subcommissural organ after destruction of the serotonin innervation by a neurotoxin (5-7 dihydroxytryptamine) suggests an inhibitory effect of the serotonin innervation on this accumulation.
SCO-spondin corresponds to glycoproteins secreted by the subcommissural organ (SCO), an ependymal differentiation of the vertebrate brain located at the entrance to the Sylvian aqueduct.
Immunostaining was also found in the choroid plexus and in the subcommissural organ.
Intensely and weakly NADPH-d-stained neurons and fibers were found in discrete regions throughout the snake brain and cervical spinal cord, such as the olfactory bulb, subcommissural organ, stratum griseum periventriculare, locus coeruleus, dorsal root, dorsal horn, and area X.
choroid plexus and the subcommissural organ) which shows well differentiated TJ.
These secretory ependymocytes constitute the subcommissural organ, a circumventricular organ that lines the roof of the third ventricle of the brain. The subcommissural organ/Reissner's fibre complex is a permanent structure in the vertebrate central nervous system.
Cells strongly positive for 11-HSD2 mRNA were found in the commissural portion of the nucleus tractus solitarius, subcommissural organ and ventrolateral ventromedial hypothalamus.
Ten monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against glycoproteins of the bovine Reissner's fiber (RF) have been used in a structural and ultrastructural immunocytochemical investigation of the bovine subcommissural organ (SCO) and RF.
The most abundant expression is in the subcommissural organ, and the earliest expression is in the forebrain neural folds, in rhombomeres 2-6, and in somites and heart.
The subcommissural organ appeared to be unique showing neither capillary nor GLUT1 stain.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a cerebral gland that releases into the cerebrospinal fluid a carbohydrate-rich glycoprotein which condenses to form Reissner's fiber (RF).
The subcommissural organ (SCO) is a brain gland that secretes glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
The subcommissural organ (SCO) and the ventricular ependyma of the third ventricle of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) exhibit a highly positive histochemical reaction to NADPH-diaphorase and a considerable immunocytochemical expression of calmodulin.
The subcommissural organ (SCO) secretes specific glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid that aggregate to constitute Reissner's fiber (RF), a thread-like structure running along the central canal of the spinal cord. After labeling with 35S (ATP) this cDNA fragment served as a probe to analyse the presence of specific transcripts in the subcommissural organ of the embryonic bovine by in situ hybridization.
Full-length antisense probes produced strong signals over cerebral ventricular ependyma (including ependyma of the subcommissural organ), meninges, blood vessels, and Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum, as well as strong signals over scattered cells throughout the brain.
However, various structures which NADPH-diaphorase staining has suggested to contain NOS were not immunoreactive: these included the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb, magnocellular preoptic neurones, the median eminence, subcommissural organ and mesencephalic trigeminal neurones.
In the rat CVOs, vivid PA-TCH-SP-PD reactions were obtained in the apical surface and cytoplasm of the ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ (SCO) and the epithelial cells in the choroid plexuses (CPs) examined, and similar positive reactions were detected in the vascular walls and perivascular connective tissues in all the CVOs tested.
Immunoreactive nerve fibers were present in all regions containing labeled perikarya and in 1) telencephalon: septum, nucleus fasciculi diagonalis Brocae; 2) diencephalon: nucleus paraventricularis, nucleus supraopticus, nucleus suprachiasmaticus, subventricular grey, nucleus of the paraventricular organ, nucleus mamillaris, infundibular decussation, outer layer of the median eminence, posterior commissure and subcommissural organ region, habenula, nuclei dorsomedialis anterior, and dorsolateralis anterior of the thalamus; and 3) mesencephalon and rhombencephalon: stratum griseum periventriculare, stratum fibrosum periventriculare, laminar nucleus of the torus semicircularis, periventricular grey, nucleus interpeduncularis, nucleus ruber, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, nuclei of the reticular formation, nucleus motorius nervi trigemini, cochlear and vestibular area, and nucleus spinalis nerve trigemini.
Several physiological studies have shown that the subcommissural organ (SCO) is influenced by catecholamines.
In order to define central neurons projecting to the subcommissural organ (SCO) and to related areas in the postero-medial diencephalon, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) was injected into the lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat.
We have studied juvenile and adult lordotic specimens to elucidate whether the subcommissural organ and its secretion, the Reissner's fiber, play any role in the development of this syndrome. Our histochemical results suggested a hyperactivity of the subcommissural organ in lordotic fishes..
We have studied the subcommissural organ of two hydrocephalic brains, of 20 and 21 gestational weeks and of two normal brains, aged 19 and 23 gestational weeks. Both hydrocephalic cases presented a size reduction of the subcommissural organ compared to the normal cases; only in one case, there were also alterations of the morphological components of the subcommissural organ, suggesting different pathogenic relationships between hydrocephalus and dysplasia of the subcommissural organ..
Serotonergic fibers form synaptic contacts on the specialized ependymocytes of the subcommissural organ, a structure which forms the roof of the third ventricle at its junction with the aqueduct. This hypothesis can be tested by the study of the innervation of the subcommissural organ and the classical ependyma by grafted embryonic neurons after a chemical destruction of the serotonergic endogenous innervation. Grafted serotonergic neurons were able to reinnervate the classical ependyma and the subcommissural organ. The fibers forming the supraependymal plexus were non-junctional and contained both serotonin and GABA while those innervating the subcommissural organ formed synaptic contacts and contained only serotonin.
An immunohistochemical study of rat brain revealed the presence of NSP-A in many brain regions, particularly in cerebellar Purkinje cells, in neurons of the superior colliculus and of the pyriform and enthorhinal cortex, in fibers of the basal ganglia and several hippocampal regions including CA3 (stratum lucidum) and the dentate gyrus, in the induseum griseum and in the subcommissural organ, suggesting a role of NSP-A in many areas of the brain..
The subcommissural organ, known to contain a blood-brain barrier, also displayed continuous ZO-1 staining in blood vessels. Unbroken ZO-1 distribution was observed in the specialized ependymal cells adjacent to both the organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and subcommissural organ.
The circumventricular organs (subseptal organ, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, infundibulum, choroid plexus, subcommissural organ, area postrema) show very characteristic surfaces and are surrounded by a transitional zone with the nonspecialized ependyma.
The subcommissural organ is an ependymal brain gland that secretes glycoproteins to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the third ventricle.
The glial subcommissural organ (SCO) discharges a glycoprotein-rich secretory product into the third ventricle to form Reissner's fibre (RF).
Tissue of the secretory, glial subcommissural organ (SCO) of adult, male cattle was cultured in serum-free medium for 70 days in vitro.
The properties and distribution of the secretory substance in the ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ in the domestic chicken were examined with seven different lectins, using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. The significant findings of this study may be summarized as follows: 1) the ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ in the domestic chicken synthesize a complex oligosaccharide for a secretory product which is discharged into the ventricular cavity; 2) in the basal cytoplasm and basal processes, only oligosaccharides containing large amount of mannose are present..
The pineal tract fibres innervate the habenular commissure, habenular nucleus, subcommissural organ, posterior commissure and pretectum, and are AChE-positive. At the origin of the stalk, the pineal tract fibres were seen to project into the ventricle and innervate the subcommissural organ both supraependymally and transependymally..
Although most ependymal structures express the gene strongly, a few restricted areas of the ependyma do not express HBNF (ventral part of the fourth ventricle, subcommissural organ).
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