Several nuclei within the posterior thalamus were targets of STT neurons: the posterior nucleus, suprageniculate nucleus, magnocellular part of the medial geniculate nucleus, and limitans nucleus. 
Moderate staining occurred in the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, superficial layers of neocortex, periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens shell and tegmental nucleus.
Herein, we provide evidence that CB(2) receptors in the thalamus play a functional role in the modulation of responses of neurons in the ventral posterior nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus in neuropathic, but not sham-operated, rats.
We describe a second such patient with infarctions involving the left DM and the right ventral posterior nucleus and ventral lateral nucleus, nuclei adjacent to the DM, associated with transient edema.
We found the connections normally described in the ZRDCT/An mouse between: (i) the inferior colliculus and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, (ii) V1 and the superior colliculus, (iii) the lateral posterior nucleus and V1 and between (iv) the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate nucleus.
The ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (VP) receives two major sets of excitatory inputs, one from the ascending somatosensory pathways originating in the dorsal horn, dorsal column nuclei, and trigeminal nuclei, and the other originating from the cerebral cortex.
We report highly accentuated neuropathologic changes within the ventral posterior nucleus (ventral posteromedial [ VPM]/ventral posterolateral [ VPL]) of thalamus and in neuronal laminae IV and VI of the somatosensory cortex (S1BF), which receive and send information to the thalamic VPM/VPL.
The thalamic lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the hooded rat is regarded as a relay nucleus for the transmission of information from visuomotor-related structures such as the superior colliculus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and substantia nigra, pars reticulata, to visual cortical areas as well as the striatum.
We used rat thalamic brain slices and whole cell recordings from relay cells in various first order (the lateral geniculate nucleus, the ventral posterior nucleus, and the ventral portion of the medial geniculate body) and higher order (the lateral posterior, the posterior medial nucleus, and the dorsal portion of the medial geniculate body) relays to explore their responses to activation of muscarinic receptors.
Here we used laser scanning photostimulation to compare in young mice (9-12 days old) the organization of the reticular inputs to first- and higher-order somatosensory relays, namely, the ventral posterior lateral nucleus and posterior nucleus, respectively. In contrast, those to the posterior nucleus were complicated and varied considerably among neurons: although almost all contained a single elliptical region near the reticulothalamic border, in most cases, they consisted of additional discontinuous regions or relatively diffuse regions throughout the thickness of the thalamic reticular nucleus. Our results suggest two sources of reticular inputs to the posterior nucleus neurons: one that is relatively topographic from regions near the reticulothalamic border and one that is relatively diffuse and convergent from most or all of the thickness of the thalamic reticular nucleus. We propose that the more topographic reticular input is the basis of local inhibition seen in posterior nucleus neurons and that the more diffuse and convergent input may represent circuitry through which the ventral posterior lateral and posterior nuclei interact..
We report a sequential neuroimaging study in a 48-years-old man with a history of chronic hypertension and lacunar strokes involving the ventral lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
The lateral posterior nucleus and pulvinar (LP-pulvinar complex) are the principal thalamic nuclei associated with the elaborate development of the dorsal and ventral streams of the parietal cortex in primates.
Differentiation of the ventral nuclei is evident with the ventral posterior nucleus of the platypus enormously expanded into the interior of the cerebral hemisphere, where it adopts a relationship to the striatum not seen in other mammals.
We now examine the hypotheses that thalamic lesions must extend posterior to the ventral caudal nucleus (Vc) and include ventral medial posterior nucleus (VMpo), to result in loss of cold sensibility and CPSP.
The prepacemaker nucleus (PPn) in the area of the dorsal posterior nucleus of the thalamus projects exclusively to the pacemaker nucleus and is responsible for EOD interruption behavior.
Area PE sends a major projection terminating with small endings to the thalamic lateral posterior nucleus (LP), ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL), medial pulvinar (PuM) and, but fewer, to ventral lateral posterior nucleus, dorsal division (VLpd), central lateral nucleus (CL) and center median nucleus (CM), whereas giant endings formed restricted terminal fields in LP, VPL and PuM.
The nuclei sampled were the first order ventral posterior nucleus (somatosensory) and the ventral portion of the medial geniculate nucleus (auditory), and the higher order posterior nucleus (somatosensory) and the medial portion of the medial geniculate nucleus (auditory). We found that the relative percentage of synapses from RL terminals varied significantly among these nuclei, these values being higher for first order nuclei (12.6% for the ventral posterior nucleus and 8.2% for the ventral portion of the medial geniculate nucleus) than for the higher order nuclei (5.4% for the posterior nucleus, and 3.5% for the medial portion of the medial geniculate nucleus).
In the ipsilateral posterior nucleus, there was a significant decrease of 38% at 2 days of monoarthritis. The data suggest that GABA(B2) mRNA expression in the ventrobasal complex and posterior nucleus is regulated by noxious input and that GABA(B) receptors might play a role in the plasticity of these relay nuclei during chronic inflammatory pain..
OBJECTIVE: Determine the effects of globus pallidus interna (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on ventral oralis posterior nucleus of the thalamic (Vop) neuronal activity.
Examination of the thalamus revealed labeled neurons in the intralaminar nuclei, in the medial part of the posterior nucleus (POm), and in the ventrobasal complex.
We show that in addition to normal thalamocortical projection patterns from visual nuclei, enucleated animals also receive input from nuclei associated with the somatosensory (ventral posterior nucleus, VP), auditory (medial geniculate nucleus, MGN), motor (ventrolateral nucleus, VL), and limbic/hippocampal systems (anterior dorsal nucleus, AD; and anterior ventral nucleus, AV).
Similar to the rat there was also substantial projections from the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex and the ventral posterior nucleus.
As in previous studies in primates, the hand representation of area 3b has dense, restricted projections predominantly from the lateral division of the ventral posterior nucleus (VPl). Projections to area 1 were highly convergent from several thalamic nuclei including the ventral lateral nucleus (VL), anterior pulvinar (PA), VPl, and the superior division of the ventral posterior nucleus (VPs). In cortex immediately caudal to area 1, what we term area 5, thalamocortical connections were also highly convergent and predominantly from nuclei of the thalamus associated with motor, visual, or somatic processing such as VL, the medial pulvinar (PM), and PA, respectively; with moderate projections from VP, central lateral nucleus (CL), lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and VPs.
Thus, immunoreactive fibers were found in nuclei close to the midline (centrum medianum/parafascicular complex), in the ventrolateral thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus, inferior pulvinar nucleus), and in the dorsolateral thalamus (lateral posterior nucleus, pulvinar nucleus).
OBJECTIVE: To report the results of ventralis intermedius nucleus/ventralis oralis posterior nucleus (VIM) plus ventralis oralis anterior (VOA)/ventralis oralis posterior (VOP) thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of posttraumatic and multiple sclerosis tremor.
Topographically distinct patterns of connections were revealed among subdivisions of the medial geniculate complex (MGC) and multisensory thalamic nuclei, including the suprageniculate (Sg), limitans (Lim), medial pulvinar (PM), and posterior nucleus (Po).
A bilateral prepacemaker nucleus (PPn) was found in the area of the dorsal posterior nucleus (DP) of the thalamus by retrograde labeling from the PN.
Neurons in the ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus and the medial division of the posterior nucleus (POm) react in a similar manner, although POm neurons are more profoundly depressed by inactivation of the contralateral BFC than VPM neurons.
We studied the responses to sensory stimulation of three diencephalic areas, the central posterior nucleus of the dorsal thalamus, the anterior tuberal nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the preglomerular complex. In the central posterior nucleus, most units were unimodal. In the anterior tuberal nucleus of the hypothalamus, most units responded to more than one modality and showed a stronger response decrement to stimulus repetitions than units in the central posterior nucleus. Our data suggest that units in the central posterior nucleus are primarily involved in the unimodal processing of sensory information whereas units in the anterior tuberal nucleus of the hypothalamus may be involved in multisensory integration..
Results show that the lesions were centered upon the posterior portion of the ventral lateral (VLp) nucleus of the thalamus, included the posterior part of the ventral lateral anterior nucleus (VLa), and extended posteriorly to encroach upon the most rostral sector of the sensory ventral posterior nucleus (VPLa).
Most notably, there were differences in local input to neurons that, based on analogy to barrel cortex, are likely to project only to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus versus those that are likely to also project to the lateral posterior nucleus.
Accordingly, we recorded bursting behavior in single cells from awake, behaving rhesus monkeys in first-order (the lateral geniculate nucleus, the ventral posterior nucleus, and the ventral portion of the medial geniculate nucleus) and higher-order (pulvinar and the medial dorsal nucleus) thalamic relays.
These include the relatively small size of the thalamic reticular nucleus and the preponderance of calbindin immunoreactive neurons over parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons in the ventral posterior nucleus..
We focused analysis on the largest subcortical targets of primary visual cortex: the superior colliculus (SC), the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (dLGN), and the lateral division of the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LPL).
NPY-ir cells were found in various locations including the TN, the medial zone of the area dorsalis telencephali, the ventral nucleus of the area ventralis telencephali, the habenula, the dorsal posterior nucleus, the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the posterior tubercle, the optic tectum, and the lateral part of the tegmentum.
The localization of NR2A and NR2B subunits and PSD-95 was then studied at synapses in layer IV of somatosensory cortex and in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus using high-resolution immunoelectron microscopy.
The central posterior nucleus of teleost fish is a cluster of neurons in the dorsal thalamus that plays an important role in controlling social behaviors.
In the lateral posterior nucleus, despite a reduction in mean cell size, there was not a significant change in either nuclear area or number of neurons in cases of moderately disabled, severely disabled or vegetative patients.
Corticothalamic projections terminated in the MGD, the SG, the ventral zone of the ventral division of the MG, the ventral margin of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and the caudodorsal part of the posterior thalamic nuclear group (Po).
Next, to examine efferent projections of auditory neurons in the rostral TRN, we injected wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into other thalamic nuclei where auditory neurons were detected, including the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), the lateral medial and suprageniculate nuclei and the centromedian nucleus.
Thus, we found immunoreactive fibers in the midline, in nuclei close to the midline (dorsomedial nucleus, centrum medianum/parafascicular complex), in the ventral region of the thalamus (ventral posteroinferior nucleus, ventral posteromedial nucleus), in the ventrolateral thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, inferior pulvinar nucleus) and in the dorsolateral thalamus (lateral posterior nucleus, pulvinar nucleus).
We report on a patient with senile chorea, treated with deep brain stimulation of the left globus pallidus internus and subsequently the left ventralis oralis posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
CONCLUSION: Hemisensory impairment in patients with chronic nerve root irritation syndromes can indicate a functional disorder in dealing with noxious impulses in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
These new projections were found in the lateral posterior nucleus, the posterior limitans nucleus, the dorsal part of the anterior pretectal nucleus and the posterior and medial pretectal nuclei.
Sensory information from the thalamus reaches the RAIC via the submedius and central lateral nuclei and the parvicellular part of the ventral posterior nucleus.
Terminations along the ventral aspect of the ventral posterior group extended posterolaterally into the caudal part of the posterior nucleus and anteromedially into the ventromedial part of the ventral lateral nucleus.
A posterior nucleus, Pp, projects to anterior areas TAL and TI, of the temporal lobe, as well as TPI.
The ventral posterior nucleus is innervated by neurons in layer VIa of both zones, whereas the posterior medial nucleus is innervated by neurons in layers Vb and VIb of both zones with additional innervation from layer VIa of nonbarrel cortex.
The lateral posterior nucleus (LPN) is innervated by two different morphological types of cortical terminals that originate from cortical layers V and VI.
In the SCA2 patient, additional obvious neuronal loss was observed in all nuclei of the anterior and rostral intra laminar groups, in the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), the lateral (PU l) and the medial subnuclei of the pulvinar (PU m), whereas in the SCA3 patient only two of the nuclei that belong to the anterior thalamic group, the VL, VPL, VPM, LP, LGB, PU l and PU m, displayed marked neurodegeneration.
Expression of S-100beta selectively peaked in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus at PD 7, and in layer IV of the parietal cortex from PD 7 to 15, in a 'barrel-like' pattern.
We compared the ultrastructure and synaptic targets of terminals of cortical or retinal origin in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and lateral posterior nucleus (LPN).
We investigated the electrophysiological properties of relay cells in a higher-order thalamic nucleus using in vitro intracellular recordings from thalamic slices of the rat's lateral posterior nucleus (LPN).
Previous work using retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase indicated that the medullary command nucleus (CN) receives inputs from the precommand nucleus (PCN) at the mesencephalic-diencephalic border and the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) in the torus semicircularis. This study confirms these projections and identifies the dorsal posterior nucleus (DP) in the thalamus as an additional input to CN.
The posterior nucleus of the thalamus (Po), the MGd, and the MGs showed much longer mean latencies of >30 ms (P < 0.05 compared with the border regions of the MGv, ANOVA), with Po showing the greatest mean latency of 60.3 ms and the greatest deviation of 25.5 ms).
The distribution, ultrastructural characteristics and postsynaptic target selection of extrareticular terminals were similar to type II muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-positive boutons, which constituted up to 49% of all GABAergic terminals in the posterior nucleus.
After BDA injections into nucleus rotundus, retrogradely labelled neurons were observed consistently within the following neuronal groups in the midbrain and the diencephalon: (i) the stratum griseum centrale of the optic tectum; (ii) the nucleus subpretectalis in the pretectum; (iii) the nucleus ansa lenticularis posterior, the posterior nucleus of the ventral supraoptic commissure, and the posteroventral nucleus, in the dorsal thalamus and (iv) the lateral suprachiasmatic nucleus and part of the reticular complex in the ventral thalamus.
In this study, the lamination patterns of spinal cells projecting to the zona incerta (ZI), intralaminar nuclei and ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus have been explored. These results are similar to those seen after injections into the intralaminar or ventral posterior nuclei, except that in the latter cases, more labelled cells are located in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn, particularly from the ventral posterior nucleus.
Subtraction analysis revealed that lesions correlated with excellent outcomes necessarily involved the interface of the nucleus ventralis intermedius (Vim; also known as the ventral lateral posterior nucleus [ VLp]) and the nucleus ventrocaudalis (Vc; also known as the ventral posterior [ VP] nucleus).
Connections were also observed with the contralateral pretectal nucleus (PRT), the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and the ventral division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv).
In rats, ErbB4 expression was observed in the habenular nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus, intermediodorsal nucleus, the central medial thalamic nucleus, the posterior nucleus, the parafascicular nucleus, the subparafascicular nucleus, the suprageniculate nucleus, the posterior limitans nucleus, the medial part of the medial geniculate nucleus, the peripeduncular nucleus, the posterior intralaminar nucleus, the lateral subparafascicular nucleus, the lateral posterior nucleus, and all ventral thalamic nuclei. In chicks, expression was observed in the subhabenular nucleus, the dorsomedialis posterior nucleus, the dorsointermedius posterior nucleus, the nucleus of the septomesencephalic tract, and areas surrounding the rotundus and ovoidalis nuclei, including the subrotundal and suprarotundal areas, and all ventral thalamic nuclei.
We studied the responses to sensory stimulation in two diencephalic areas, the central posterior nucleus of the dorsal thalamus (CP) and the anterior tuberal nucleus of the hypothalamus (TA).
The second system is centred on the projection from lamina I to the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL), the ventral posteromedial (VPM), the posterior nuclear group (Po) and triangular posterior nucleus (PoT) of the thalamus.
We examined the synaptic targets of TRN terminals in the visual thalamus, including the A lamina of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN), the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and the pulvinar nucleus (PUL).
Post-training lesions of both the lateral geniculate body (LG) and lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the thalamus together, but not lesions of LG or LP alone, completely blocked the expression of fear-potentiated startle to a visual conditioned stimulus (CS) but not to an olfactory CS.
In contrast, the other main thalamic relay of visual information, the pulvinar (and lateral posterior nucleus in carnivores), is largely a higher-order relay, since much of it seems to relay information from one cortical area to another.
Previous studies have suggested that the descending pathway from the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus has only a mild facilitative influence over thalamic neurons.
Extracellular single unit recordings were made in the medial and lateral ventroposterior nucleus, posterior thalamic nucleus, zona incerta, lateral posterior nucleus, laterodorsal nucleus, ventrolateral nucleus and reticular nucleus.
Axonal markers injected into layers 5 and 6 of cortical areas 17, 18, or 19 labeled axons going to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the lateral part of the lateralis posterior nucleus (LPl), and pulvinar (P).
Here we focus on the two major trigeminal nuclei of the brain stem, nucleus principalis and subnucleus interpolaris, and on their thalamic targets, the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) and the medial division of the posterior nucleus (POm).
This issue was investigated for the marmoset monkey by recording from 55 single tactile-sensitive neurons in the lateral division of the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (VPL) with a projection to either SI or SII, identified with the use of the antidromic collision technique.
To understand how the interneuron-mediated inhibition in the thalamus is regulated, we studied the muscarinic effects on interneurons in the lateral posterior nucleus and lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
Caudal VLG projections innervate the lateral posterior nucleus, the anterior pretectal nucleus, the intermediate and deep gray of the superior colliculus, the dorsal terminal nucleus, the midbrain lateral tegmental field, the interpeduncular nucleus, the ventral pontine reticular formation, the medial and lateral pontine gray, the parabrachial region, and the accessory inferior olive.
In the ventral posterior nucleus, corticothalamic synapses contain similar amounts of GluR2/3, but four times more GluR4 than do those from ascending afferents. Corticothalamic synapses in reticular nucleus contain slightly more GluR2/3, and three times more GluR4, than those in ventral posterior nucleus.
The data indicate that, in comparison to the lateral posterior nucleus, the maturation of neurons within the dLGN and MIN is incomplete with respect to cell body size during the early postnatal period. The selective elimination of early cortical connections stemming from dorsal lateral geniculate laminae A and A1 and from the intermediate division of the lateral posterior nucleus may occur through a process of axon collateral withdrawal from the expanded cortical sites, thereby giving rise to the adult pattern..
The lesions were located within the pulvinar, the sensory nuclei, the mediodorsal nucleus, and the ventral lateral posterior nucleus (according to the classification of Hirai and Jones), the latter including the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim according to the classification of Hassler).
CO(2)-responsive rostral and caudal units projected to either the thalamic posterior nucleus/zona incerta region (PO/ZI) or the superior salivatory/facial nucleus region (SSN/VII).
Tremor-locked units were confined to the ventral division of the ventral lateral posterior nucleus (35.4%).
CGRP immunoreactivity is also present over small, non-clustered neurons in the calbindin-negative area that separates VMpo from the VPL and VPM nuclei, which we denote as the posterior nucleus (Po).
In detail, angiotensin II binding sites were found in the anterodorsal nucleus, in the laterodorsal and posterior nucleus of the thalamus, as well as in the lateral geniculate nucleus, the reticular thalamic nucleus and in the zona incerta..
The giant GABAergic endings were found in all dorsal division nuclei and in thalamic visual nuclei such as the lateral posterior nucleus.
BNOS-stained cells were found consistently in the C laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the pulvinar nucleus, and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
Thalamic labeling after cFr2 injections was present in anteromedial nucleus (AM), ventrolateral nucleus (VL), lateral segment, mediodorsal nucleus (MDl), centrolateral nucleus (CL), ventromedial nucleus (VM), posterior nucleus (Po) and lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
MR fibers distribute densely to the following brainstem/forebrain sites: caudal raphe nuclei, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, medial mammillary body, supramammillary nucleus, posterior nucleus and perifornical region of the hypothalamus, midline and intralaminar nuclei of thalamus, dopamine-containing cell region of medial zona incerta, lateral habenula, horizontal and vertical limbs of the diagonal band nuclei, medial septum, and hippocampal formation.
Metabolism was also massively increased in the thalamus, predominantly in the posterior nucleus.
in medial geniculate body or in the dorsolateral part of the posterior nucleus).
Injections into S2 labeled the ventroposterior medial, ventroposterior lateral and posterior thalamic nuclei; injections in rostral granular and dysgranular parietal insular cortex labeled the ventral posterior and parvicellular part of ventroposterior lateral thalamic nuclei; and injections in middle to caudal dysgranular parietal insular cortex labeled only the posterior nucleus.
From PND11 to PND16, thionin facilitates parcellation by extensive staining of dendritic processes of MGd, MGm, and lateral posterior nucleus neurons but not neurons of the MGv or the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
One hundred and eight of 190 GN neurons were also antidromically activated following electrical stimulation of the ventro-lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
Whole cell excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were evoked in relay neurons of the ventral posterior nucleus (VP) by stimulation of corticothalamic fibers in in vitro slices of mouse brain from postnatal day 1 (P1).
Electron microscopic anterograde autoradiography has been used to analyze the morphology and postsynaptic relationships of area 17 cortical terminals in the lateral division of the lateral posterior nucleus (LPl) of the cat and medial division of the inferior pulvinar nucleus (IPm) of the owl monkey.
We have investigated the possibility that the striate-recipient zone of the lateral posterior nucleus-pulvinar complex may be responsible for the spatial (and temporal) frequency processing in posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex since these two regions establish strong bidirectional connections and share many visual properties. Visual responses in suprasylvian cortex were recorded before, during, and after the deactivation of the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus accomplished by the injection of lidocaine or GABA. Out of this number, 11 units were affected by the deactivation of the lateral part of lateral posterior nucleus and one cell, by the blockade of pulvinar. In addition, there were no significant differences between the low- and high cut-off spatial frequency values computed before and after the deactivation of the lateral posterior nucleus. Deactivating the lateral posterior nucleus did not modify the direction selectivity nor the organization of the subregions of the lateral suprasylvian cortex "classical" receptive fields. The absence of strong changes in posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex cell response properties following the functional blockade of the lateral posterior nucleus suggests that the projections from this part of the thalamus are not essential to generate the spatial characteristics of most posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex receptive fields. On the other hand, it is possible that the lateral posterior nucleus lateral suprasylvian cortex loop may be involved in other functions such as the analysis of complex motion as suggested by the findings from our and other groups..
We provide experimental evidence for such dominant inhibition in the lateral posterior nucleus.
Type II TRN cells most likely function as recurrent inhibitory interneurons for the lateral posterior nucleus-pulvinar complex (LP) because they could be activated antidromically by LP stimulation and orthodromically activated via axonal collaterals of LP cells.
In all three primates, we identified the posterior nucleus (PIp) and the medial nucleus (PIm) of previous reports, and divided the previously recognized central nucleus (PIc) into two subdivisions, medial (PIcM) and lateral (PIcL).
Predominant PV immunostaining characterizes primary somatosensory, visual and auditory nuclei, the ventral lateral posterior nucleus, reticular nucleus (R), and to a lesser degree also, lateral part of the centre median nucleus, and anterior, lateral, and inferior divisions of the pulvinar complex.
To discern the completion of these projections, Fluoro Gold, an opalescent fluorescent dye, was injected into the dorsal lateral geniculate and/or the lateral posterior nucleus in rats of various ages from neonates to adults. Most (over 90%) of them project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; 2) A population of large neurons (the presumed wide-field vertical cells) express calbindin-D 28 K on postnatal day 7, and most of them (over 90%) project to the lateral posterior nucleus; 3) Another population of medium-sized neurons (the presumed narrow-field cells) express parvalbumin on post-natal day 17, but only a half (45%) of them project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
Telencephalic afferents to the Vv were very restricted, consisting of the supracommissural and the dorsal intermediate nuclei of the ventral telencephalon, the nucleus taenia, and the medial region of the posterior nucleus of the dorsal telencephalon.
We have examined the morphology of afferent endings that originate in three distinct cell groups and terminate in the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP).
Neonatal tectal lesions in hamsters result in the elimination of a major central target of retinal axons, massively denervate the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP), and lead to a marked increase of the retino-LP projection.
Isolated clusters of stained neurons were also observed in the lateral posterior nucleus, in the dorsal part of the medial geniculate nucleus, and in the ventromedial nucleus.
Our results indicate that the dorsal pallidum in pigeons projects to three areas of the dorsal thalamus: the dorsointermediate posterior nucleus, the ventrointermediate area, and the nucleus subrotundus. Only the projection to the dorsointermediate posterior nucleus was described previously (Karten and Dubbeldam [ 1973] J. Our results indicate that neurons in the rostral ventrointermediate area, but not in the nucleus subrotundus, the dorsointermediate posterior nucleus, or the intermediate or caudal parts of the ventrointermediate area, project to the rostral Wulst.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) generated by activation of the thalamic reticular nucleus (RTN) were recorded in neurons of the ventral posterior nucleus (VP) in vitro in slices from mice aged postnatal day (P)1-P17.
The afferent and efferent connections of the gymnotiform central posterior nucleus of the dorsal thalamus and prepacemaker nucleus (CP/PPn) were examined by retrograde and anterograde transport of the small molecular weight tracer, Neurobiotin.
Thalamic projections from Te2 targeted the lateral posterior nucleus, the dorsal part of the dorsal subnucleus of the medial geniculate complex, and the peripeduncular nucleus.
In turn, this brain region projects to the medial preoptic nucleus and posterior nucleus of the amygdala, where neural activity was also abundant only following copulation.
To determine if labeled cells in the dense band were also projection neurons, WGA-HRP was injected into the lateral posterior nucleus and these sections were double-labeled with the glutamate antibody.
Quantitative analysis revealed that 90.8 +/- 2.2% (mean +/- standard deviation) of the calbindin-immunoreactive neurons in the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) projected to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and that 91.3 +/- 4.3% of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons in the stratum opticum (SO) projected to the lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
Within the posterior thalamus, all 17 examined SHT axons coursed rostrally through the posterior nucleus of thalamus.
Weakly stained neurons were observed in the thalamic dorsomedial posterior nucleus.
Postnatal development of physiological properties underlying slow intrathalamic oscillations was studied by whole-cell recording from synaptically coupled neurons of the reticular nucleus (RTN) and ventral posterior nucleus (VPN) of mouse brain slices in vitro and compared with the morphological development of dye-injected cells.
They were not antidromically activated from an electrode in the region of the ventral posterior nucleus in the thalamus.
We have previously investigated the ventrolateral/posterior nucleus of thalamus in GAERS and found no neuron loss.
Neurons of this thalamic cell group intermingle with cells of the central posterior nucleus (CP) to form a complex called 'CP/PPn'.
The hypothesis that excessive stimulation of the lateral posterior nucleus by daily training in a radial maze may have facilitated the necrosis was supported by the inverse relationship between a linear combination of the numbers of normal neurons and oligodendroglia and the rate of learning during the earlier but not the later sessions.
Pre-embedding immunogold histochemistry was combined with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tract tracing in order to analyse the relationship between the subcellular localization of the GluR1a metabotropic glutamate receptors and the distribution of corticothalamic synapses in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the rat. The injection of the tracer into area 17 labelled two types of corticothalamic terminals: (i) the small boutons constituting the majority of the labelled fibres which form asymmetrical synapses both in the dLGN and LP; and (ii) the giant terminals typically participating in glomerulus-like synaptic arrangements and found exclusively in the lateral posterior nucleus. In contrast, the synapses formed by giant boutons in the lateral posterior nucleus were always mGluR1a-immunonegative.
Following the injection of biocytin, in the ascending projections, labeled terminals were seen mainly in the caudal portion of the nucleus of the optic tract, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, the posterior pretectal nucleus, the olivary pretectal nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation at the level of the oculomotor nucleus, and the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus on the ipsilateral side.
The morphology and synaptic organization of the corticothalamic (CT) fibres from area 17 were studied in the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the thalamus in cats.
We have studied the response properties of cells in the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus or striate-recipient zone (LPl) of the lateral posterior nucleus-pulvinar complex to the motion of textured patterns [ visual noise]. This study provides additional evidence that the lateral posterior nucleus-pulvinar complex may be involved in many aspects of visual processing..
This study examines this issue by injecting neuronal tracers into various nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, medial geniculate complex, ventroposteromedial nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus, posterior thalamic nucleus) and into different areas of the neocortex (somatosensory, visual, auditory).
207:135-156) that examined the projections of the posterior hypothalamic area in the monkey by using the autoradiographic technique, the ascending projections of the posterior nucleus (PH) of the hypothalamus have not been systematically examined in any species.
Acoustic responses were recorded extracellularly from single neurons in the thalamic central posterior nucleus (CP).
The extent of intracortical arborization of individual thalamocortical axons in area 3b of the somatic sensory cortex and the degree of overlap in the cortical projections of relay cells in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus were examined in macaque monkeys.
NADPH-d was particularly associated with diencephalic electrosensory and electromotor nuclei, including the prepacemaker nucleus, the nucleus subelectrosensorius, and the central posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
(2) Cells of the lower part of lamina VI projected to the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus and they also sent collaterals to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus where they participated in the formation of rods.
Retrograde labeling of the polymodal zones indicated that they receive parallel thalamocortical projections primarily from non-specific auditory and visual thalamic nuclei including the medial and dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGm and MGd), the suprageniculate nucleus (SGN), and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
Pattern elevated 2-DG uptake in the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, in the lateral posterior nucleus, and in area 17, but was less effective at the high than at the low light intensity.
In the thalamus of the intact cat, the greatest number of labeled neurons are located in the lateral division of the lateral posterior nucleus and there are intermediate numbers in the medial division of the lateral posterior nucleus (LPm); and smaller numbers within the medial interlaminar nucleus, the C-complex of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the geniculate wing, and the pulvinar nucleus.
Electrical stimulation of the posterior nucleus of the thalamus, homolateral motor neocortex, contralateral barrel field, and sensory stimulation of the host evoked responses in 50-60% of the grafted neurons.
Evoked responses were recorded in the thalamic ventralis posterior nucleus after stimulation of the medial lemniscus or the cuneate bundle in the spinal cord.
After 3 days of occlusion, 45Ca had accumulated in the ipsilateral pyramidal tract, the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and the lateral portion of the striatum.
This study examines dendrites from physiologically characterized and intracellularly labelled thalamocortical projection (TCP) neurons from the rat ventrobasal complex (VB) and posterior nucleus (POm).
This lesion presumably affected the most medial part of the ventralis posterior nucleus, where taste information is located. Given the proximity of the taste area and somatosensory representation of the hand and oral cavity in the ventralis posterior nucleus, we propose that a diagnosis of thalamic lesion should be considered when ageusia occurs with the cheirooral syndrome..
Four thalamic nuclei, ventroposterior inferior (VPI), ventroposterior lateral (VPL), posterior nucleus (PO) and centrolateral nucleus (CL) combined to contain 86.5% of all hSII-projecting overlapping cells.
Response properties of 180 pyramidal neurons (11 layer II, 66 layer III, 7 layer IV, 76 layer V and 20 layer VI neurons) in the cat parietal cortex (areas 5 and 7) were examined intracellularly with stimulations of the cerebellar nucleus (CN), the thalamic ventroanterior nucleus (VA) and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) under pentobarbital anesthesia.
Long-Evans hooded rats received unilateral pressure injections of the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in either the dorsal lateral geniculate, ventral lateral geniculate, or lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus; superior colliculus, cortical area 17, cortical area 18a/b; cerebellar vermis (lobules VI and VII); or paraflocculus.
Retrogradely labeled cells were found mainly in ipsilateral areas 17, 18 and 19, the pulvinar, the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP) and the contralateral LS area.
A few labeled fibers and terminal fields were seen in the deep layers of the superior colliculus bilaterally, as well as in the medial division of the medial geniculate body and, even more rostrally, in the posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
The projection from the rat's superior colliculus (SC) to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP) has previously been described as arising from a morphologically homogeneous population of neurons in the stratum opticum (SO). The lateral posterior nucleus contained numerous CBD-IR cells and fibers throughout its extent and it was thus difficult to determine the extent to which the extra-perikaryal CBD-IR in this nucleus was dependent upon the tecto-LP pathway.
In the present study, we investigated the possible role in seizure mechanisms of GABAergic transmission in two thalamic nuclei, the posterior nucleus (PO) and the ventromedial nucleus (VM).
Plesiomorphic features include the cytoarchitectonic organization of most of the preoptic nuclei, the somewhat scattered cells of nucleus ventrolateralis, the compact, oval shape of nucleus intermedius, the presence of dorsoventrally oriented laminae in the central posterior nucleus, and most features of the hypothalamic nuclei.
The ventral posterior nucleus was included in the study and the results for both nuclei show that calbindin is a marker for thalamic cells that receive small fibers and project to superficial layers of koniocortex..
molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, accumbens nucleus, globus pallidus, ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus) are not enriched in sigma receptors.
The second large pathway ascends through the medial zone of the hypothalamus and densely innervates the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial nucleus and adjacent basal parts of the lateral hypothalamic area, medial preoptic nucleus, principal nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, ventral lateral septal nucleus, posterodorsal part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala, posterior nucleus, and immediately adjacent regions of the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala.
Superficial injections led to labelling of both cells (retrograde) and terminals (anterograde) in areas of the ipsilateral primary and secondary auditory cortex and in its dorsoposterior field, in an ipsilateral dorsal association area (patches of label), probably in ipsilateral secondary somatosensory cortex, in the contralateral homotopic UF, and in the ipsilateral medial geniculate body (MGBv, MGBd, and MGBm) and caudal posterior nucleus complex.
For example, the neuropil of several thalamic nuclei (i.e., dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus, ventroposterior nucleus), cerebral cortex, upper layers of the superior colliculus and matrix zones of the neostriatum, were strongly immunoreactive, while the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, optic tract and internal capsule were devoid of staining.
The mediorostral lateral posterior nucleus, subparafascicular, lateral geniculate and habenular nuclei also contained calretinin messenger RNA probe label.
We show that somatostatin mRNA-containing neurons are widely distributed in a number of nuclei and grey areas of the human brain, including neocortex, putamen, nucleus caudatus, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, midbrain, medulla oblongata, hippocampal formation, reticular nucleus of the thalamus, and posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus.
On lesion mapping on CT or MRI, all patients had involvement of the lateral part of the thalamus (ventral posterior nucleus and ventral lateral nucleus).
These structures are near the corticospinal pathways and the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, explaining why hemiataxia is associated with hemiparesis or hypaesthesia in this type of infarct..
Electrical stimulation of the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus elicited increases in extracellular serotonin concentration in the spinal cords of anesthetized monkeys.
1) The region traditionally described as the ventroposterior nucleus (VP) is a composite of VP proper and parts of the ventroposterior inferior nucleus (VPi). 3) In architecture, location, and cortical connections, the region traditionally described as the anterior pulvinar (AP) of monkeys resembles the medial posterior nucleus, Pom, of other mammals and we propose that all or most of AP is homologous to Pom.
The footshock led to an increase in the interaction of the two main subsystems at the level of connections between primary visual cortex and the lateral posterior nucleus, and a descending negative influence from the secondary visual cortex became dominant.
In thalamus, the radioactivity was heterogeneously distributed, the highest amounts being in the lateral posterior nucleus.
HRP injections into the rostral STP led to labeling in the lateral part of the GMv, the anterodorsal division of the principal medial geniculate complex (GMad), and the lateral division of the posterior nucleus (Pol).
In an effort to determine whether this change reflected differential transneuronal degeneration of these cell types or alterations in the dendritic arbors of surviving cells, this study re-examined this issue by restricting the analysis to a specific and relatively homogeneous subpopulation of superficial layer neurons, those that project to the lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
These cells surround the primordium of the medial geniculate body, participating in the constitution of its marginal zone, and invade the lateral posterior nucleus, accumulating within its caudomedial part.
The density of positive axons and boutons was quite variable, but regions which displayed the most massive network of axons included structures within the hypothalamus itself (anterior periventricular preoptic nucleus, caudal and lateral hypothalamus), ventral telencephalon (superior and ventral subdivisions), thalamic/tuberal areas (central posterior nucleus and tuberal neuropil within the ventral territory of the prepacemaker nucleus) and brainstem nuclei (dorsal reticular nucleus and the medial paralemniscal nucleus).
Retrogradely labeled neurons were present in the lateral posterior nucleus, posterior nucleus of Rioch, pulvinar, and medial interlaminar nucleus, as well as in the LGN, at all ages studied.
As in normal adult cats, retrograde labeling also was present in the C layers of the LGN, the medial interlaminar nucleus, the posterior nucleus of Rioch, the lateral posterior nucleus, and the pulvinar nucleus ipsilateral to a neonatal or adult lesion.
Second, in the lateral posterior nucleus and primary visual cortex, the footshock led to significant enhancement of the metabolic responses to the patterned light.
It can be concluded that the distribution of NMDA (but not AMPA) receptors in the rat barrel field shows a strong coincidence with the zone of termination of the specific sensory afferents from the ventral posterior nucleus of the dorsal thalamus..
Extracellular recording, intracellular recording, intracellular horseradish peroxidase injection, and receptive field mapping techniques were employed to evaluate the physiological and morphological properties of medial ventral posterior nucleus (VPM) and posterior nucleus (POm) neurons in normal adult rats.
This staining was demonstrated to be confined entirely within the medial division of the lateral posterior nucleus, which is considered to be the principal tectorecipient zone of the extrageniculate visual thalamus.
Three distinct pathways ascend from the torus semicircularis to the telencephalon; they course through either 1) the lateral preglomerular nucleus of the posterior tuberculum, 2) the anterior tuberal nucleus of the hypothalamus, or 3) the central posterior nucleus of the dorsal thalamus. The efferent projections of the central posterior nucleus are presently unknown, but the lateral preglomerular and anterior tuberal nuclei project to nonoverlapping portions of the telencephalon.
The dorsohorizontal stripe, consisting of S-IR fibers, terminals, and roughly 200 cell bodies unilaterally, stretches from the edge of the third ventricle at the thalamic dorsal-posterior nucleus and the central posterior nucleus approximately 400 microns laterally to the PPn.
Virtually no CaBP neurons were retrogradely labeled after injections of HRP into the predorsal bundle and dorsolateral midbrain tegmentum or into the lateral posterior nucleus.
The distribution of afferents from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) and of cell bodies projecting to these nuclei has been studied in the visual cortex of the wallaby (Macropus eugenii) throughout development to determine how the characteristic laminar distribution of afferents and efferents of the mature cortex is achieved.
After PHA-L injection in the face, forelimb or hindlimb motor cortical areas, small and densely packed boutons (about 1 micron in diameter), en passant and terminaux, were seen in the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus and, more sparsely, in the reticular nucleus, the nucleus ventrobasalis and the posterior nucleus of the thalamus. A separate projection with giant boutons (5-10 microns in diameter), en passant and terminaux, terminated in the posterior nucleus of the thalamus exclusively.
Labeled neuronal elements in the antero-medial part (POm) of the posterior nucleus (PO) were topographically organized as an up-right body representation that mirrored a map in the ventroposterior nuclei (VP).
It also has reciprocal connections with the nucleus lateralis posterior, the dorsal and medial divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus and the caudal part of the posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
It has been demonstrated that a dorsal part of the pulvinar (PL) and a dorsal part of the caudal area of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) projected mostly to the middle suprasylvian gyrus (MSSG), while a ventral part of PL and a ventral part of the rostral area of LP--to the rostral suprasylvian gyrus (RSSG).
The projections from the lateral (LPl), intermediate (LPi) and medial (LPm) subdivisions of the cat lateral posterior nucleus (n.
We found that unilateral eye removal produced a progressive increase in fibrous substance P immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the optic tract, lateral posterior nucleus, and lateral geniculate nucleus of the side contralateral to the enucleation. On the other hand, unilateral lesions to the superficial layers of the superior colliculus produced a dramatic reduction in substance P immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral nucleus of the optic tract, lateral posterior nucleus, and dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei. In bilaterally enucleated animals, unilateral lesion to the superior colliculus produced, as expected, loss of immunoreactive fibers only in the lateral posterior nucleus and the retinorecipient nuclei ipsilateral to the lesion. These results suggest that transneuronal changes in the distribution of substance P in collicular neurons observed after enucleation could be reflected in their projections to the other primary visual centers and to the lateral posterior nucleus..
The results indicate that: 1) each of the areas has a distinct pattern of distribution of afferent neurons in the ipsilateral visual thalamus - area 17 receives its principal thalamic input from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the caudal parts of areas 18a and 18b receive a major thalamic input from the lateral posterior nucleus and a minor input from the posterior nucleus, while the rostral parts of areas 18a and 18b receive a major input from the posterior nucleus, and a minor projection from the lateral posterior nucleus; 2) the rostral and caudal parts of areas 18a and 18b each receive an associational input from area 17; 3) the rostral parts of areas 18a and 18b each receive associational input from three different extrastriate regions, the caudal part of the same extrastriate area, and the rostral and caudal parts of the other extrastriate area, whereas the caudal parts of areas 18a and 18b receive associational inputs only from one or two extrastriate regions; 4) area 17, area 18b and rostral area 18a each receive a substantial associational input from lamina V of the caudal part of the frontal eye field (FEF) in the motor cortex; however the input from the FEF to caudal area 18a (if present) is very small; 5) The extrastriate areas studied receive associational input from the restrosplenial cingulate area 29d; however, the input from area 29d to area 17 appears to be very small.
The superficial layers of the cat's superior colliculus innervate the medial subdivision of the thalamic lateral posterior nucleus (LPm).
In the present study, many neurones in the principal visual thalamic relay nuclei, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLG) and to a lesser extent those in the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) were destroyed by injections of the neurotoxin - kainic acid - on the first day of postnatal life.
Immunocytochemical methods have been combined with serial thin section analysis to study the synaptic organization of serotonin (5-HT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive terminals in the ventral posterior nucleus of the cat and monkey thalamus.
Corticogeniculate axons are first detected in the geniculate and lateral posterior nucleus at 48 days after birth, while corticocollicular axons first reach the superior colliculus at 71 days and, by 81 days, have innervated the superficial layers.
In Syrian hamsters, mature retinal terminals contain only low levels of the growth-associated protein, GAP-43, whereas the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the thalamus contains high levels of this protein.
The densities of beta-1 but not beta-2 adrenoreceptors were increased in hypothalamus (anterior and lateral nuclei), thalamus (ventral posterior nucleus) and amygdala (basolateral nucleus) of the STZ diabetic rats.
Moreover, 3 days after ischemic insult, 45Ca had accumulated in the ipsilateral substantia nigra and ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
On P3 and P4, 30 h after tracer was deposited in the cortex, The HRP reaction product was observed in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body and in the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, but no labeled axons were observed in the ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate body (LGBv) until P5.
In immature material, both dendritic processes and somata in the MGd stain for Nissl with our protocol; many of these cells show a stellate arborization pattern that distinguishes this region from the MGv, but is similar to the staining pattern of immature neurons of the lateral posterior nucleus.
The aberrant projection was traced radioautographically to the tectorecipient zone of the lateral posterior nucleus after an injection of tritiated amino acid in the parabigeminal nucleus. Lesions extending toward the anomalous terminal field in the lateral posterior nucleus, however, prevented the survival of a normal number of neurons in the parabigeminal nucleus. When the unilateral tectal ablation was made together with a lesion of the ipsilateral posterior neocortex that produced cell loss in the thalamus, the number of neurons remaining in the middle division of the contralateral parabigeminal were linearly related to the cell content of the lateral posterior nucleus. We conclude that the anomalous target in the tectorecipient zone of the lateral posterior nucleus effectively replaces the normal projection field in the superior colliculus, with regard to the trophic requirements for neuronal survival during development of the parabigeminal nucleus..
Injections in AL and AST produced retrograde transport to neurons in the medial division of the medial geniculate body (MGM), PIN, suprageniculate nucleus (SG) and, to a lesser extent, the lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
The present experiments showed that there is a cortico-thalamo-cortical projection system in the cat, which originates from the primary visual cortex, relayed by the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and reaching the medial bank of the lateral suprasylvian visual area.
Extracellular microelectrode method and stereotaxic technique of brain were used to investigate the effects of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae on the discharges of visceral pain in the posterior nucleus of thalamus(po)in cats.
Contralateral input only was observed in the lateral posterior nucleus.
The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between the precruciate cortex (PreCtx) and the ventral lateral posterior nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus in the mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia.
Neurons belonging only to first two groups were found in the lateral posterior nucleus.
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