Additionally, VDM-11 enhanced c-Fos expression in sleep-related brain areas such as the anterior hypothalamic area, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. 
Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to show that the projections of the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in dogs are directed to all segments of the zone incerta.
Anterograde tract-tracing and immunohistochemical methods were used to study projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) to midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is involved in Parkinson's disease and has become a therapeutic target.
We investigated whether administration of MOD in rats during the lights-on period into wake-promoting areas, such as anterior hypothalamus (AH) or into the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) would enhance waking.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) belongs to the brainstem system which synchronizes hippocampal activity.
The SNr is reciprocally connected with the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) in the brainstem, which provides cholinergic innervation to most BG nuclei.
Excitotoxic lesions of posterior, but not anterior pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) change nicotine self-administration, consistent with the belief that the anterior PPTg (aPPTg) projects to substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and posterior PPTg (pPPTg) to the ventral tegmental area (VTA).
In his review, Maskos posits that in midbrain dopamine neurons, somatodendritic nAChRs activated by cholinergic inputs from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg) serve as a 'gate' that facilitates the switch to burst firing.
Previous work from this laboratory has also demonstrated that pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) lesioned rats make more omissions on a test of sustained attention, suggesting that it might also play a role in mediating this function.
The mammalian mesopontine tegmentum (MPT) contains two cholinergic nuclei, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg).
ChAT-immunoreactive (IR) cells comprise several prominent groups, including the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and parabigeminal nucleus, as well as the cranial nerve somatic motor and parasympathetic nuclei.
The SNr is reciprocally connected with the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) in the brainstem, which provides cholinergic innervation to most BG nuclei.
In the pons, TH immunoreactivity in the locus ceruleus (LC) neurons was decreased, while the IOD and the neuronal density of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunostained neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus were preserved.
The thalamic lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the hooded rat is regarded as a relay nucleus for the transmission of information from visuomotor-related structures such as the superior colliculus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and substantia nigra, pars reticulata, to visual cortical areas as well as the striatum.
Dense MCH innervation of the cerebral motor cortex (MCx) and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), both related to motor function, has been reported.
Retrograde axonal transport was used to study the organizational characteristics of the afferent and efferent projection systems of individual substructures of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the functionally diverse (motor, limbic) areas of structures in the striopallidum.
The effects of posttraining excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) on two-way active avoidance after changing the conditioned stimulus (CS) used during prelesion training were examined.
Double-labeled neurons were seen bilaterally in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.
Since the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) in the brainstem is one of the strongest excitatory input sources to DA neurons, we hypothesized that the PPTN may play an important role in activating DA neurons and reinforcement learning by relaying necessary signals for reward prediction error computation to DA neurons.
Using the method based on the retrograde axonal transport of the horseradish peroxidase, striopallidal afferent projections to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) of the dog brain were studied.
Cholinergic inputs to the RVLM arise only from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. These findings indicate a novel role for cholinergic input from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus to the RVLM in central cardiovascular command.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is involved in the regulation of thalamocortical transmission and of several functions related to ventral and dorsal striatal circuits.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) is postulated to have important functions relevant to the regulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and arousal, and various motor control systems including respiration. For the first time, the present results suggest that respiratory rhythm and upper airway muscle tone are controlled by the activation of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus NMDA receptors..
Fluoro-gold infusion into the PnC and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) retrogradely labeled neurons in the PPTg and LGP, respectively.
In this study, we explore Fos expression (a measure of cell activity) in three nuclei associated with locomotion, namely the zona incerta, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and cuneiform nucleus (the latter two form the mesencephalic locomotor region) in hemiparkinsonian rats.
Here, we propose a "heterarchical reinforcement learning" model, where reward prediction made by more limbic and cognitive loops is propagated to motor loops by spiral projections between the striatum and substantia nigra, assisted by cortical projections to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, which sends excitatory input to the substantia nigra.
For Parkinson's disease this would mean that the metabolism of dopamine in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and presumably the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, together with one or more pathological factors contribute to the initial neurodegeneration.
pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) lesions in rodents lead to increased sucrose consumption, but the psychological deficit behind this remains uncertain.
This review presents the hypothesis that the best way to consider the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus is by analogy with the substantia nigra. Assessment of the location, composition and connections of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus is made to support the hypothesis that it has structural similarities with substantia nigra.
Wakefulness-promoting nuclei include the orexinergic lateral hypothalamic/perifornical area, the histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus, the cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, the noradrenergic locus coeruleus, the 5-hydroxytryptaminergic raphe nuclei and possibly the dopaminergic ventral tegmental area.
Besides the superior colliculus, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) is one of three main target regions of basal ganglia output activity and is reciprocally connected with the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), which is critically involved in seizure propagation and manipulation.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is involved in the regulation of these DA neurons, and those of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc).
Studies of the pedunculopontinopallidal projections of the dog brain based on the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase demonstrated that the compact zone (PPNc) and the lateral area of the diffuse zone (PPNd) of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) of the midbrain project to the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, and ventral pallidum.
Autoradiographic labeling of brain slices with radioiodinated UII showed the presence of UII-binding sites in the lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial amygdaloid nucleus, anteroventral thalamus, anterior pretectal nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, pontine nuclei, geniculate nuclei, parabigeminal nucleus, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, and cerebellar cortex.
RATIONALE: The brainstem pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is proposed to mediate hypothalamic self-stimulation reward via cholinergic activation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA).
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) is one of the reticular generators of the hippocampal theta rhythm.
In contrast, NMDA activation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) results in a significant increase in DA neuron burst firing without significantly affecting population activity.
Cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) play a role in the regulation of several kinds of behavior.
Cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) to the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) have been implicated in nociceptive modulation.
We explore the patterns of cell loss in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PpT), a major locomotor and muscle tone suppression centre of the brainstem, in two animal models of Parkinson disease, namely MPTP (methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-treated monkeys and 6-hydroxydopamine(6OHDA)-lesioned rats.
In this article, I review a series of my experiments on the role of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (Ppn) in voluntary movements.
Four distinct types of SNr projection neurons were identified based on their main axonal targets: type I neurons that project to the thalamus; type II neurons that target the thalamus, the superior colliculus (SC), and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg); type III neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray matter and the thalamus; and type IV neurons that target the deep mesencephalic nucleus (DpMe) and the SC.
After FluoroGold injection in the interpolar nucleus, a number of retrogradely labeled cells were found bilaterally in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, and immunostaining revealed that the vast majority of these cells were also positive for choline acetyltransferase.
However, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) in the brainstem is connected with limbic structures as well as dopaminergic midbrain areas, which also project to the nucleus accumbens.
STUDY OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that 2 important neurotransmitters related to behavioral state control, serotonin and noradrenaline, could also be modulators of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT)-induced respiratory dysrhythmia.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) has been shown to have important functions relevant to the regulation of behavioral states and various motor control systems, including breathing control.
The postictal suppression state was correlated with changes in the SNR projection targets, specifically the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and superior colliculus..
We tested the hypothesis that projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) are involved in driving this DA cell activity.
The aim of this study was to determine the borders of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) in the dog's brain and to describe its individual substructures on the basis of the cytoarchitectonic study of this nucleus.
Lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) can impair spatial learning tasks, but it is not clear whether those detrimental effects depend on the specific training conditions (for example, number of response choices available) or are secondary to enhanced anxiety.
RATIONALE: The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is involved in the execution and regulation of a variety of behaviors.
nNOS Neurons were localized in several nuclei throughout the brainstem; the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, lateral parabrachial nucleus, rostral ventrolateral medulla, nucleus tractus solitarius and raphe magnus.
In the SIDS victims, statistically significant positive correlations were seen between the number of TrypH-positive neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the midbrain and the duration of central apneas (p = 0.03), between the number of TUNEL-positive glial cells in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) and the average number of spines in GAP43-positive neurons in the PPTN (p = 0.04).
In either case, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus or raphe nuclei may be involved..
The largest structure of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum is the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, which has ascending connections to thalamus and with corticostriatal systems. In this experiment we examined the performance of rats following bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus on a test of sustained attention previously used to examine frontal cortical function. These data are taken to be consistent with the hypothesis that the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus is an important part of a network maintaining attention..
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) maintains a close relationship with the basal ganglia and is intimately involved in the regulation of wakefulness and REM sleep.
We describe and summarize here our recent findings about the role in respiration of two pontine structures that are not classically included in the pontine respiratory group: the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and the intertrigeminal region (ITR).
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is a major source of cholinergic input to the thalamus.
The basal ganglia are more highly interconnected with the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) than with any other brain region.
Most double-labeled neurons were found in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and locus ceruleus complex and, much less abundantly, in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and the parabrachial nuclei.
Excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) produce profound deficits in performance of this task that are not accounted for by motor impairment.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) is defined by its collection of cholinergic neurons surrounding the lateral portion of the superior cerebellar peduncle at the midbrain pontine junction.
In this study we examined whether the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) or the gigantocellularis nucleus pars alpha (GiA), stations that relay APtN inputs to the spinal cord, can control the persistent pain induced by a hind paw incision in rats with disrupted APtN.
The role of GABA(A) receptors in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in turning behaviour of rats was studied. Unilateral injection of the GABA(A) receptor agonist, muscimol (25-100 ng), into the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus dose-dependently produced contraversive pivoting, namely tight head-to-tail turning marked by abnormal hindlimb backward stepping. The pivoting induced by a mixture of SKF 38393 (5 microg) and quinpirole (10 microg) injected into the nucleus accumbens shell was significantly inhibited by bicuculline (50 ng) injected into the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, whereas muscimol (25 ng) had no effect. It is therefore concluded that unilateral stimulation of GABA(A) receptors in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus can elicit contraversive pivoting and that the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus is one of the output stations of the accumbens region that mediates shell-specific, dopaminergic pivoting, but not of the accumbens region that mediates shell-specific, cholinergic circling..
The participation of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in descending pain control mechanisms has been proposed. The aim of this study was to investigate NADPH-d and c-Fos reactivity in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus following noxious peripheral stimulation. Formalin induced hind paw inflammation in the rat resulted in bilateral increase of Fos and NADPH-d expression in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. This anatomical relationship supports the hypothesis that pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus is involved in pain modulation and proposes a new explanation for the presence of nitric oxide in this nucleus..
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) as part of the mesencephalic locomotor region is discussed to be involved in motor activity.
Relative to surgery (n=6) and blood pressure control groups (n=6), chemical disinhibition of the dPAG (n=10) induced a significant increase in FLI in the lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus (LDTg) but not the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) has long been suggested to have a role in reward-related behaviour, and there is particular interest in its possible role in drug reward systems.
We have previously reported that electrical stimulation delivered to the ventral part of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) produced postural atonia in acutely decerebrated cats [ Neuroscience 119 (2003) 293].
The present study was to determine how afferents from the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) of the basal ganglia to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) in the brainstem could contribute to the control of behavioral states.
Sprague-Dawley rats were anaesthetised with ketamine (100 mg/kg) and Rompun (10 mg/kg), and injections of cholera toxin subunit B were made into each of the following nuclei: the ZI, the substantia nigra (SN), the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PpT), and the entopeduncular nucleus (Ep).
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) projects its cholinergic fibers to both the lateralis medialis-suprageniculate nucleus (LM-Sg) and the superior colliculus (SC).
5-HT(2) receptor sites have been found on cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT).
The cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) is one of the major ascending arousal systems in the brainstem, and it is linked to motor, limbic and sensory centers.
This study demonstrates respiratory modulation caused by stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT), a structure not classically included in the pontine respiratory neuronal network.
The lateralis medialis-suprageniculate nuclear complex (LM-Sg) has been shown to receive cholinergic fibers from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT).
Noradrenergic projection originating in the locus coeruleus, serotonergic projection from the dorsal raphe nucleus, and cholinergic projection from neurons gathering in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and scattering in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus constitute three diffuse projection systems arising from the brainstem and innervating wide areas of the brain.
Anatomical studies have shown substantial GABAergic innervation from these nuclei to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT).
We investigated, in a midbrain parasagittal slice preparation of Wistar rats (postnatal day 9-17), the synaptic inhibition of neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN), which was mediated by gamma (gamma)-amino-butyric acid (GABA).
Dense overlap between the two fiber types was also observed in the periaqueductal gray, particularly in the vicinity of the dorsal raphe, as well as (to a lesser extent) in the ventral tegmental area, the retrorubral field, and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.
pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus is formed by an ensemble of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons located in the caudal pontomesencephalic tegmentum, surrounding the superior cerebellar peduncle.
In order to determine the origin of these axon terminals, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the main afferent sources of the Pf, the superior colliculus (SC) and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN).
On the other hand, stimulation of a muscle-tone inhibitory region in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) suppressed postural muscle tone.
Using immunohistochemical methods, we demonstrate that the cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) are connected to both systems.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) interacts with anatomical systems thought to be involved in mediating sensitisation of the locomotor response to repeated d-amphetamine.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) has an important anatomical position connecting basal ganglia and limbic systems with motor execution structures in the pons and spinal cord.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus appears to influence striatal dopamine activity via cholinergic and glutamatergic afferents to dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra pars compacta. We measured changes in striatal dopamine oxidation current (dopamine efflux) in response to electrical stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus using in vivo electrochemistry in urethane-anaesthetized rats. pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus stimulation evoked a three-component change in striatal dopamine efflux, consisting of: (i) an initial rapid increase of 2 min duration; followed by (ii) a decrease below prestimulation levels of 9 min duration; then by (iii) a prolonged increase lasting 35 min. In addition, intra-pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus infusions of the M2 muscarinic antagonist methoctramine (50 microg/ microL) selectively abolished the inhibitory second component, while intranigral infusions of scopolamine (200 microg/ microL) selectively abolished the prolonged third component. Intra-nigral infusions of the metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist (+)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (2 microg/ microL) had no effect on pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-elicited striatal dopamine efflux. These results suggest that the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus utilizes nicotinic and ionotropic glutamate receptors in the substantia nigra to mediate rapid activation, M2-like muscarinic autoreceptors in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus to mediate decreased activation, and muscarinic receptors in the substantia nigra (probably of the M5 subtype) to mediate prolonged activation, of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system..
Bilateral damage to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) has been found to impair several learning tasks; however, it is not clear whether this effect could be at least partially attributable to changes in the rat emotional reactivity and/or spontaneous locomotion. Lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (1). We conclude that damage to the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus is not accompanied by either an enhancement of emotional reactivity or by an altered spontaneous locomotion..
They showed reduced locomotor activity and loss of striatal dopaminergic fibres (54%), nigral dopaminergic neurones (28.5%), striatal serotoninergic fibres (34%), striatal DARPP-32-positive projection neurones (26.5%), striatal cholinergic interneurones (22.1%), cholinergic neurones in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (23.7%) and noradrenergic neurones in the locus ceruleus (26.4%).
In B6 mouse, carbachol significantly increased specific binding of [ (35)S]GTPgammaS in the pontine reticular nucleus, caudal part (79%); pontine reticular nucleus, oral part (131%); laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (56%); pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (86%); dorsal raphe nucleus (53%); dorsal medial periaqueductal gray (54%); and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (52%) when compared with basal binding.
Activity of 91 neurons in the compact and diffuse parts of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) was recorded in freely moving rabbits during execution of instrumental appetitive conditioning.
We recorded unit activity from the cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus with extracellular microelectrodes in urethane-anesthetized rats and monitored cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) to examine the possible role of the nucleus in cortical activation.
In the mesopontine tegmentum, the robust downstream projection from the extended amygdala was centered medial to ChAT-ir neurons of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus.
To clarify the role of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) in motor behavior, we have conducted a series of experiments in primates.
In the late 1980s chemical manipulations of the basal ganglia were shown to induce parkinson symptoms, especially dyskinesia, and more recently, chemical lesioning of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus has also been shown to induce parkinsonism.
In this review, to explore the possibility that there exists a generalized principle on the role of cholinergic systems in the brain, we summarized the knowledge so far obtained on the action of a brainstem cholinergic nucleus, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) at their target regions.
This autonomic response occurs within an acetylcholine afferent system and pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN).
NADPH-diaphorase reactive neurons were observed in superior colliculus, in central gray matter, in dorsal and medial raphe and in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus using two histochemical techniques at LM.
The effects of bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) on sucrose intake were examined in three experiments.
It was found that the cholinergic component of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) is involved in the generation of theta rhythm in the hippocampus.
The cholinergic pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN) is one of the major ascending arousal systems in the brain stem and is linked to motor, limbic, and sensory systems.
This was not the case in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus or (PPT) or in the trigeminal motor nucleus.
The activity of 109 neurons in the compact and diffuse parts of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) was recorded in freely moving rabbits during the acquisition and actualization of the defensive instrumental conditioned reflex.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) has been implicated in the generation and/or maintenance of both active sleep (AS) and wakefulness (W).
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus receives direct output from ventral striatal systems and might therefore be expected to share functional properties with them.In the present experiments we have examined the performance of rats bearing bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus on both of these tasks. There was no motor impairment present in pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats - on the contrary, on measures of speed (latency to make first arm choice and the mean time for subsequent choices) pedunculopontine-lesioned rats were slightly faster than control rats.We suggest that the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus shares functional properties with frontostriatal systems and that it forms part of a brainstem-directed stream of striatal outflow different to the cortical re-entrant system via the thalamus..
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus has connections with sites in both dorsal and ventral striatum, and a number of studies have suggested that it has a role in reward-related behaviour. The present experiment aimed to investigate the perception of reward in pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-lesioned rats responding for food under a progressive ratio schedule, which measures willingness to work for a given reward. Rats were trained on a progressive ratio-5 schedule for food reward, then given ibotenic acid or sham lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Their performance under this schedule was examined again following recovery from surgery.Compared with sham-lesioned rats, those with lesions of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus showed significantly reduced breaking points and significantly longer post-reinforcement pauses. However, there was no difference between the groups in their latency to collect food pellets once earned, suggesting that pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus excitotoxin and sham-lesioned rats were equally motivated by the presence of food.
Cholinergic and glutamatergic cells in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus are a principal source of excitatory input to midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to the striatum. These results also imply that the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus may serve as a major striatal-motor interface in the processing of salient environmental stimuli, and their incentive rewarding impact on dopamine-mediated behavioral responses..
The activity of cells related to muscle rigidity, located in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and adjacent reticular formation, was correlated positively with the extent of hindlimb muscle tone facilitation after medullary OX-A microinjections.
The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) contains cholinergic neurons whose principal ascending connections are with thalamic nuclei and structures associated with the striatum.
RATIONALE: The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) has been implicated in the self-administration of drugs, particularly nicotine, which acts directly through the PPTg in addition to targeting midbrain dopamine neurons.
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