The locus coeruleus (LC) is a dense cluster of neurons that projects axons throughout the neuroaxis and is located in the rostral pontine tegmentum extending from the level of the inferior colliculus to the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. 
Although it is known that emotional responses increase jaw movement, the brain pathways linking forebrain limbic nuclei and the trigeminal motor nucleus remain unclear. Here we show that neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area, in the central nucleus of the amygdala, and in the parasubthalamic nucleus, project to the trigeminal motor nucleus or to reticular regions around the motor nucleus (Regio h) and in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. We observed orexin co-expression in neurons projecting from the lateral hypothalamic area to the trigeminal motor nucleus. In the central nucleus of the amygdala, neurons projecting to the trigeminal motor nucleus are innervated by corticotrophin-releasing factor immunoreactive fibers.
In the cervical spinal cord, trigeminal motor nucleus (Vm), facial nucleus (VII), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (X), and hypoglossal nucleus (XII) of wild-type mice, motoneurons expressed c-Fos and c-Jun-immunoreactivity.
The trigeminal motor nucleus (Mo5), which controls masseter motor function, receives glutamatergic inputs mainly from the parvocellular reticular formation (PCRt), but also from the adjacent paramedian reticular area (PMnR).
We previously reported that electrical stimulation of the reticular formation dorsal to the facial nucleus (RdVII) elicited excitatory masseter responses at short latencies and that RdVII neurons were antidromically activated by stimulation of the trigeminal motor nucleus (MoV), suggesting that excitatory premotor neurons targeting the MoV are likely located in the RdVII.
Since its motoneurons are in the trigeminal motor nucleus, mylohyoid discharge could serve as a probe of the role of pontile mechanisms in the generation of respiratory rhythms.
The results demonstrate a widespread pattern of immunoreactivity for GlyR and GABA(A)R subunits throughout these regions, including the spinal trigeminal nucleus, abducens nucleus, facial nucleus, pontine reticular formation, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, hypoglossal nucleus, lateral cuneate nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract.
Compared to controls, nicotine exposed piglets had decreased alpha7 in the rostral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (rDMNV) (p=0.01), and increased beta2 in the caudal DMNV (cDMNV) (p=0.05), caudal nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (cNSTT) (p=0.03) and caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS) (p=0.04).
In this study, the unbiased quantitative method of the optical disector was applied to analyze neuronal densities, nuclear volumes, and total neuron numbers of the hypoglossal nucleus (XII), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV), nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), medial vestibular nucleus (MedVe), cuneate nucleus (Cu), nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract, principal inferior olivary nucleus (PION), medial inferior olivary nucleus (MION), and dorsal inferior olivary nucleus (DION) in adults (16 male, six female; mean age: 37 years) and infants (five male, five female; mean age: 5 months).
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of this treatment on HFS, in particular the associated hyperexcitability of the facial motor nucleus, and to discuss the potential mechanism of HFS. From these results, we hypothesize that the trigeminal afferent input and the cortical control contribute to the hyperexcitability of the facial motor nucleus in patients with HFS.
In the brainstem, few IGFBP2-immunoreactive cells were observed in the medullary and pontine reticular formation, vestibular nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, facial nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus and raphe nucleus.
The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) probably contains the second-order sensory neurons as well as the pattern-generating circuitry of both the pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing, whereas the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus contain the motor neurons of the pharyngeal and esophageal phases of swallowing.
To clarify features of direct projections from the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) to premotoneurons for the jaw-closing (JC) and jaw-opening (JO) components of the trigeminal motor nucleus, biotinylated dextranamine (BDA) and Fluorogold (FG) were used as the anterograde and retrograde tracers. Most of the JC or JO premotoneurons found in the nucleus of the solitary tract, inter- and supratrigeminal regions, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, parabrachial nucleus and reticular formation medial to the JO component of the trigeminal motor nucleus hardly received contact(s) from S1 neurons.
The axon has collaterals in the brain stem and is believed to make synaptic contact with neurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus, forming part of a sensorimotor loop.
These data together with data on the trigeminal motor nucleus show that vulnerability to ethanol (1) is greater in sensory nuclei than in motor nuclei and (2) is temporally restricted to the time of gastrulation..
Three groups of premotoneurons were identified by injecting FG into the jaw-closing (JC) and -opening (JO) subdivisions of the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo).
METHODS: The rat trigeminal nerve denervation model was developed by removing the masseter and temporal muscles, and degeneration process of the trigeminal motor nucleus was investigated by immunohistochemistry with particular focus on microglial/astrocytic reactions and motoneuron degeneration. RESULTS: Atrophy of the trigeminal motor nucleus was observed at 8 weeks after denervation. Expression of the stress protein HSP27 and an autophagy marker Rab24 was also upregulated in the injured trigeminal motor nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study suggest that this model is a practical and useful tool help to develop a further understanding of the pathology of the trigeminal motor nucleus after surgical denervation..
STUDY OBJECTIVES: The trigeminal nuclear complex (V) contains cholinergic neurons and includes the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (PSTN) which receives sensory input from the face and jaw, and the trigeminal motor nucleus (MoV) which innervates the muscles of mastication.
We thus examined the origin and distribution of axon terminals with VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 immunoreactivity within the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vm) in the rat.
In conclusion, during wakefulness, numerous receptors on a great many neuronal elements in and in the vicinity of the trigeminal motor nucleus are normally activated in highly regulated sequences depending upon the specific behavior that is being performed, such as vocalization, biting, chewing, swallowing, etc. On the other hand, during REM sleep, only receptors on alpha motoneurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus, which are involved in state-dependent control processes, are excited.
In the present study, we examined axon terminals of Vsup premotoneurons in the contralateral trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo) by a combination of anterograde tracing with cholera toxin B-horseradish peroxidase (CTB-HRP), postembedding immunohistochemistry for the amino acid transmitters glutamate, GABA, and glycine, and electron microscopy.
The trigeminal motor nucleus contains the somata of motoneurons innervating the jaw muscles, but also those of interneurons that we have characterized morphologically and immunohistochemically previously.
The supratrigeminal region (SupV) receives abundant orofacial sensory inputs and descending inputs from the cortical masticatory area and contains premotor neurons that target the trigeminal motor nucleus (MoV).
NPR-C immunoreactivity was detected in several regions, including the periaqueductal gray, oculomotor nucleus, red nucleus and trochlear nucleus of the midbrain; the pontine nucleus, dorsal tegmental nucleus, vestibular nucleus, locus coeruleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, abducens nucleus and facial nucleus of the pons; and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, hypoglossal nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, nucleus ambiguus and inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata. Interestingly, NPR-C immunoreactivity was detected in the cholinergic neurons of the oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, dorsal tegmental nucleus, motor trigeminal nucleus, facial nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, nucleus ambiguus and hypoglossal nucleus.
Injections that included dental afferents also labeled the mesencephalic nucleus of V, whereas injections into the skin of the face labeled cell bodies in the facial nucleus, and in most cases the motor nucleus of 5.
Whole cell recordings were made from neurons located approximately 200 microm rostral to the trigeminal motor nucleus (the presumed A7 area) in sagittal brainstem slices from rats aged 7-10 days.
We also observed glycine-immunoreactive populations in the optic tectum, the torus semicircularis and the midbrain tegmentum, the isthmus, the octavolateral area, the dorsal column nucleus, the abducens nucleus, the trigeminal motor nucleus, the facial motor nucleus, and the rhombencephalic reticular formation.
P2X7 hybridization signals were also observed in the motor neurons of the trigeminal motor nucleus, facial nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus, and the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
The nuclei examined included the hypoglossal, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract, cuneate, vestibular and inferior olivary nuclei. 2.3 +/- 2.4%), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (6.8 +/- 8.5% vs.
The results showed that fictive suckling, which was neurochemically induced by bath application of N-methyl-D,L-aspartate and bicuculline-methiodide, or by local micro-injection of the same drugs to the trigeminal motor nucleus, inhibited the inspiratory activities in both respiration TMNs and respiratory rhythm-generating neurons.
DAMGO microinjections (1 mM; 0.5-1 nl) at sites rostrolateral to the trigeminal motor nucleus, where respiration-related neuronal activity was recorded, abolished the respiratory rhythm. Apneic responses induced by DAMGO microinjections support the hypothesis that a specific opioid-sensitive region rostrolateral to the trigeminal motor nucleus, that we have termed the paratrigeminal respiratory group (pTRG), likely has a pivotal role in respiratory rhythmogenesis.
Our previous study showed that developmental changes to serotonin and substance P coexist in the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo), dorsolateral subnucleus (Vmo.dl), ventromedial subnucleus (Vmo.vm) and the area within 300 microm surrounding Vmo (SVmo).
Calretinin immunoreactive neurons were found in the telencephalon (lateral nucleus of ventral telencephalic area), diencephalon (around the medial forebrain bundle, lateral tuberal nucleus, central pretectal nucleus, posterior periventricular hypothalamic nucleus, medial preglomerular nucleus, diffuse nucleus of the inferior lobe), mesencephalon (nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle, ventral nucleus of the semicircular torus), cerebellum (valvula cerebelli, eurydendroid cells) and rhombencephalon (secondary gustatory nucleus, isthmic nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, medial auditory nucleus of the medulla, medial and inferior reticular formation, anterior, descending, posterior and tangential octaval nuclei). Calretinin-labeled fibers were observed in the optic nerve and at the levels of the central pretectal nucleus, the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle, the ventral nucleus of the semicircular torus, the secondary gustatory nucleus, the trigeminal motor nucleus, the eurydendroid cells, the medial auditory nucleus of the medulla and the octaval nucleus.
In healthy PMR subjects, this indicates that the excitability increases only in the specific neuronal circuits between the lower cervical spinal cord and the facial motor nucleus in the rostral medulla.
Unilateral injection of AP5 or CNQX over a rostral rhombencephalic region, lateral to the rostral pole of the trigeminal motor nucleus, decreased the frequency of the fast respiratory rhythm bilaterally or stopped it altogether. After a complete transverse lesion of the brainstem caudal to the trigeminal motor nucleus, the fast rhythm was confined to the rostral area, while only the slow activity persisted in the vagal motoneurons.
The noradrenergic (NA) innervation in the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmot) of postnatal and adult rats was examined by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry using antibodies against dopamine-beta-hydroxylase or tyrosine hydroxylase.
All three peptides were localized in the preoptic area, periventricular hypothalamic and tectal regions, and dorsal part of the trigeminal motor nucleus.
Furthermore, we found that labeled cells from the JO nucleus and JC nucleus located in the reticular regions surrounding the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo; Vmo shell region) were arranged in a topographic fashion, while those in the parabrachial nucleus, supratrigeminal nucleus, lateral reticular formation caudal to the shell region and raphe nuclei were intermingled with each other.
The sensory inputs from the nasal mucosa to the general somatic afferent component of the brainstem including the pontine and medullary trigeminal nucleuses may induce the neighboring nucleus of the solitary tract and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.
NPR-A-immunoreactive perikarya were found in the red nucleus and the oculomotor nucleus in the midbrain, the parabrachial nucleus and the locus coeruleus in the pons, and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the hypoglossal nucleus, the cuneate nucleus, the gracile nucleus, the nucleus ambiguus, the lateral reticular nucleus, the reticular formation, and the inferior olivary nucleus in the medulla oblongata. Extensive networks of immunoreactive fibers were apparent in the red nucleus, the oculomotor nucleus, the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, and the parabrachial nucleus. Double immunostaining revealed NPR-A immunoreactivity in cholinergic neurons of the parabrachial nucleus, the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, the hypoglossal nucleus, and the nucleus ambiguus.
An unusual case of unilateral trigeminal neuronopathy in a dog is reported, in which the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and the ipsilateral corticospinal tract were destroyed, apparently by a cerebrovascular accident (stroke).
Finally, functionally identified gamma-motoneurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus are modulated by intramuscular injection with algesic substances.
The present study suggests that the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus projects to the bilateral ventromedial thalamic nucleus, periventricular pretectal nucleus, stratum album centrale of the optic tectum, caudomedial region of lateral preglomerular nucleus, ventrolateral nucleus of semicircular torus, medial part of rostral and posterior lateral valvular nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, facial motor nucleus, superior and inferior reticular formation, descending trigeminal nucleus, medial funicular nucleus, inferior olive, and to the contralateral sensory trigeminal nucleus.
Samples of the trigeminal motor nucleus were examined by electron microscopy.
By gender, control females had greater NR1 mRNA than males in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (P = 0.05) and for protein in the ION (P = 0.02).
In adult rats injected with cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) into the masseter nerve, central axon terminals of Vmes neurons were identified on masseter motoneurons within the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vm) by transganglionically and retrogradely transported CTb.
Degenerating terminals were found on the proprioceptive mesencephalic trigeminal neurons and on dendrites in the neuropil of the trigeminal motor nucleus after application of capsaicin to the rat's lower incisor tooth pulp.
The present study compares the neuronal activity of this area with that of three motoneuron pools involved in phonation, namely the trigeminal motor nucleus, facial nucleus, and nucleus ambiguous.
The nuclei examined included the hypoglossal nucleus (XII), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV), solitary tract nucleus (STN), vestibular nucleus (Ve), cuneate nucleus (Cu), nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (NSTT), principal inferior olivary nucleus (PION), medial inferior olivary nucleus (MION) and dorsal inferior olivary nucleus (DION).
Three series of experiments were carried out to characterize interneurons located within the trigeminal motor nucleus of young rats aged 5-24 days. In the first set of experiments, thick slices were taken from the pontine brainstem and cholera toxin-positive and cholera toxin-negative neurons located inside the trigeminal motor nucleus were filled with biocytin through whole-cell recording patch electrodes. The cholera toxin-negative neurons classified as interneurons differed markedly from motoneurons in that they had thin, usually branched axons that supplied the ipsilateral reticular region surrounding the trigeminal motor nucleus (peritrigeminal area), the main trigeminal sensory nucleus, the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus, the medial reticular formation of both sides, and the contralateral medial peritrigeminal area. Most often, their dendrites were arranged in bipolar arbors that extended beyond the borders of the trigeminal motor nucleus into the peritrigeminal area. Immunoreactive neurons were uniformly distributed throughout the rostro-caudal extent of the trigeminal motor nucleus. In the final experiment, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetra-methylindocarbocyanine perchlorate crystals were inserted into one trigeminal motor nucleus in thick slices and allowed to diffuse for several weeks. This procedure marked commissural fibers and interneurons in the contralateral trigeminal motor nucleus. Together these results conclusively support the existence of interneurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus..
The RN sends projection fibers bilaterally, with contralateral dominance, to the part of the parvicellular reticular formation (RFp) containing premotor neurons projecting to the trigeminal motor nucleus.
In the nucleus ambiguus, a mixed visceral/motor nucleus, HCN1-IR was present only in NF200-IR cells, suggesting that it is expressed in motor but not autonomic preganglionic neurons.
Magnetic resonance imaging revealed severe wasting and fat replacement of the left temporalis, pterygoid and masseter muscles and showed neither abnormalities in the left motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve nor compression of the left trigeminal nerve.
Labeled terminals were also found bilaterally in the oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, facial motor nucleus, facial lobe, descending trigeminal nucleus, medial funicular nucleus, and contralateral sensory trigeminal nucleus and inferior olive. Labeled terminals in the oculomotor nucleus and trochlear nucleus showed similar densities on both sides of the brain. However, labelings in the trigeminal motor nucleus, facial motor nucleus, facial lobe, descending trigeminal nucleus, and medial funicular nucleus showed a clear ipsilateral dominance.
Microstimulation applied to the trigeminal motor nucleus (NVmt), the reticular border zone surrounding the NVmt, the parvocellular reticular formation or the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (NPontc) elicited a postsynaptic potential in 81% of the neurons tested for synaptic inputs.
In the present study, we measured the density of serotonin- and substance P-immunoreactive nerve terminals in the trigeminal motor nucleus and the area 300 microm surrounding it in rats from embryonic day 19 to postnatal day 70. The density was greatest in the ventromedial subnucleus of the trigeminal motor nucleus at embryonic day 19 and postnatal day 0 and in the area 300 microm surrounding trigeminal motor nucleus at postnatal day 4 and older.
Labeled masseteric motoneurons were first found in the ipsilateral trigeminal motor nucleus following a 24-h postinoculation period; subsequent to 72-h survival times, the number of infected motoneurons increased, and at > or =96 h many of these cells showed signs of cytopathic changes.
The present study was undertaken to examine whether hypocretinergic/orexinergic neurons are the only source of projections from the hypothalamus to the trigeminal motor nucleus in the guinea-pig. Cholera toxin subunit b was injected into the trigeminal motor nucleus in order to retrogradely label premotor neurons.
The highest density of immunoreactive fibers was found in the motor trigeminal nucleus, the laminar and alaminar spinal trigeminal nuclei, the facial nucleus, the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, the locus coeruleus, the cuneiform nucleus, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, the lateral tegmental field, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, the inferior central nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and in the inferior vestibular nucleus. Immunoreactive cell bodies containing neurokinin B were observed, for example, in the locus coeruleus, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the median division of the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, the lateral tegmental field, the pericentral nucleus of the inferior colliculus, the internal division of the lateral reticular nucleus, the inferior central nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, the postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, and in the medial nucleus of the solitary tract.
OBJECT: Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is thought to be due to a hyperactive facial motor nucleus consequent to chronic neurovascular contact. Facial muscle motor evoked potentials (MEPs) use the same efferent pathway as LS, therefore the authors speculated that these potentials should reflect differences consistent with changes at the facial motor nucleus level. Data in this study support the hypothesis that the development of HFS and its alleviation with MVD are related to changes in facial motor nucleus activity..
Forty reticular neurons were antidromically activated by stimulation of the ipsilateral trigeminal motor nucleus (MoV).
We found that the trigeminal motor nucleus (Mo5) contained abundant motoneurons in wild-type (mean number +/- SD per section = 128 +/- 22, range = 93-167) and knockout (mean number +/- SD per section = 121 +/- 23, range = 75-158) mice and that the cell size of Mo5 neurons was similar between these mice (wild-type, mean +/- SD = 165 +/- 59 microm2, range = 65-326 microm2; knockout, mean +/- SD = 167 +/- 59 microm2, range = 71-327 microm2).
Jaw movement is enacted through the triggering of motoneurons located primarily in the trigeminal motor nucleus (Mo5).
The aim of this article is to review the functional organization of the XII motor nucleus with particular emphasis on breathing, coughing and swallowing.
In three additional cases, FG injections were made into one motor nucleus and cholera toxin (subunit b) injected in the other to determine the presence of dual projection neurons.
While 50% of neurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus (Mo5) were of the large type, this value dropped to 30% in hypothyroid pups.
In rostral and lateral areas, increments occurred bilaterally in the borderzones surrounding the trigeminal motor nucleus (Regio h); the rostrodorsomedial half of the trigeminal main sensory nucleus; subnucleus oralis-gamma of the spinal trigeminal tract; nuclei reticularis parvocellularis pars alpha and nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis (RPc) pars alpha.
This study was undertaken to identify premotor neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) serving as relay neurons between the sensory trigeminal complex (STC) and the facial motor nucleus in rats.
Among control females compared with males, there was less active caspase-3 and less TUNEL in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMNV), and there was less TUNEL in the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (NSTT).
In addition, strong hybridization signals were localized in various nuclei: main and accessory olfactory bulb, compact part of the substantia nigra, pontine gray matter, tegmental reticular nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, locus coeruleus, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, raphe nuclei, facial nucleus, ambiguus nucleus, dorsal motor vagal nucleus, and inferior olivary nucleus.
We find, through immunohistochemistry, that injury of the rat facial motor nucleus leads to activation of STAT3, a neuronal survival factor, in the dendrites, nuclei and cytoplasm of the motor neurons. A similar response was observed with the trigeminal motor nucleus.
Labeled-primary fibers terminated in the sensory trigeminal nucleus, descending trigeminal nucleus, medial funicular nucleus, a ventral part of the facial lobe, reticular formation, and trigeminal motor nucleus. Labeled cells were observed in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus and the trigeminal motor nucleus.
nucleus centralis pontis), in the pes pontis, in the inferior olive and in motor nuclei, especially in the trigeminal motor nucleus.
It has been reported in the cat and rat that inhibitory premotor neurons, which send their axons to motoneurons of the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vm) are distributed in the reticular regions around the Vm, especially in the supratrigeminal region (Vsup) and the intertrigeminal region (Vint).
Hyperintensities, indicative of neuropathology, were observed in several areas including the nucleus ambiguus, facial nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus and the substantia nigra.
To determine the influence of the superior colliculus (SC) in orienting behaviors, we examined SC projections to the sensory trigeminal complex, the juxtatrigeminal region, and the facial motor nucleus in rats. Some terminals were also observed in the juxtatrigeminal region and in the dorsolateral part of the facial motor nucleus contralaterally, overlying the orbicularis oculi motoneuronal region.
This afferent pathway continues along the short internuncial nerve fibers in the reticular formatio to connect with the efferent pathway in the motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.
Intensively labeled perikarya were found in the ventral hypothalamic area, the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle, the nucleus of the midbrain tegmentum, the nucleus of the lateral longitudinal fascicle, the trigeminal motor nucleus and the octavolateral area.
Cx32, 36, and 43 expression was developmentally regulated in the trigeminal motor nucleus, while Cx26 expression remained high throughout postnatal development.
In the mandibular direction, preganglionic fibers from the superior salivatory nucleus join special visceral efferents from the motor nucleus in the hyomandibular nerve, from which they pass into the chorda tympani to course together for a short distance.
Galectin-1 mRNA was predominantly observed in the cell bodies of neurons such as oculomotor nucleus (III), trochlear nucleus (IV), trigeminal motor nucleus (V), abducens nucleus (VI), facial nucleus (VII), hypoglossal nucleus (XII), red nucleus, and locus ceruleus.
However, expression of CB immunoreactivity by the majority of wobbler hypoglossal motoneurones was observed but not in littermate controls or in any other motor nucleus.
Neurophysiological studies indicated that TNF(alpha) may have effects on vagal afferents in the solitary nucleus, as well as neurons of the solitary nucleus (NST) and dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) of the vagus.
Three-dimensional reconstructions revealed subpopulations of EPO-expressing neurons: (1) in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (TMN), (2) at the rostral transition of the midbrain and synencephalon, (3) in the basal plate of the midbrain, (4) in the trigeminal motor nucleus, and (5) in the trigeminal principal sensory nucleus.
The programmed cell death occurring in the MesV is discussed herein and correlated with the analogous apoptotic phenomena observed in the trigeminal motor nucleus..
In this study we have characterized the membrane properties and morphology of interneurons which lie between the caudal pole of the trigeminal motor nucleus and the rostral border of the facial motor nucleus. Interneurons lying caudal to the trigeminal motor nucleus were visualized using near-infrared differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, and were recorded from using patch pipettes filled with a K-gluconate- and biocytin-based solution. Neurons of each subtype were found to issue axon collaterals terminating in the brainstem nuclei, including the parvocellular reticular nucleus (PCRt), the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmot), the supratrigeminal nucleus or the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. When viewed under 100x magnification, the collaterals of some interneurons were seen to give off varicosities and end-terminations which passed close to the somata of unidentified neurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus and in the area close to the interneuron soma itself.
We identified eGFP-containing cells in specific areas of the brain, including cerebellum, hippocampus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, inferior olivary nucleus, reticular formation, rostral ventrolateral medulla, central nucleus of the amygdala, lateral parabrachial nucleus, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and subfornical organ.
Electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve (SO) induces eyelid closure by activation of orbicularis oculi muscle motoneurons located in the facial motor nucleus (VII).
SIDS infants (n = 15) had increased mRNA in 6 nuclei of the mid-medulla (p < 0.05 for all) while protein was increased in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (p = 0.04) and decreased in the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (p = 0.03).
The orbicularis oculi muscle surrounded the entire palpebral fissure and was innervated by motoneurons located along the dorsal cap of the ipsilateral facial motor nucleus. Facial motoneurons supplying the frontoscutularis, a muscle that helps to elevate the upper eyelid, were located in the medial division of the ipsilateral facial motor nucleus.
To clarify the vagal afferent modifying effect on the neurons constituting the nociceptive jaw-opening reflex (JOR), we conducted extracellular recording of trigeminal motor nucleus (TMN) neuron activity in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats.
Specific binding of [ 125I Tyr0]BK was localized in the medulla oblongata to the regions of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), area postrema (AP), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (X), and caudal subnucleus of the spinal trigeminal nucleus in both strains of rat.
To determine whether changes were limited to the PBC, the present study aimed at examining the expression of CO in a number of brain stem nuclei, with or without known respiratory functions from P0 to P21 in rats: the ventrolateral subnucleus of the solitary tract nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, hypoglossal nucleus, nucleus raphe obscurus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, medial accessory olivary nucleus, spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, and medial vestibular nucleus (MVe).
The influence of muscle fatigue on the jaw-closing muscle spindle activity has been investigated by analyzing: (1) the field potentials evoked in the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmot) by trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vmes) stimulation, (2) the orthodromic and antidromic responses evoked in the Vmes by stimulation of the peripheral and central axons of the muscle proprioceptive afferents, and (3) the extracellular unitary discharge of masseter muscle spindles recorded in the Vmes.
Brainstem regions anatomically related with altered forebrain regions were more heavily labeled as well, including the substantia nigra, the periaqueductal gray, the superior colliculus, the medial raphe, the locus coeruleus and the adjacent parabrachial nucleus, as well as the pontine nuclei, red nucleus, and trigeminal motor nucleus.
The dendritic tree of JC alpha motoneurons was confined within the JC motor nucleus, despite locations of the cell body.
In the medulla oblongata, immunoreactive cell bodies were observed in the laminar spinal trigeminal nucleus and in the lateral tegmental field; the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; the prepositus hypoglossal nucleus; the medial nucleus of the solitary tract; the rostral division of the cuneate nucleus, and close to the parvocellular division of the alaminar spinal trigeminal nucleus. The highest (moderate) density of immunoreactive fibres was observed in the periaqueductal grey; the parvocellular and magnocellular divisions of the alaminar spinal trigeminal nucleus; the laminar spinal trigeminal nucleus; the rostral division of the cuneate nucleus; the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus; the lateral nucleus of the solitary tract, and in the midline between the central divisions of the reticulotegmental pontine nucleus.
RESULTS: Clusters of immunoreactive cell bodies and high densities of neurokinin-immunoreactive fibers were located in the periaqueductal gray, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons and mesencephalon.
We addressed these issues in decerebrate cats by applying Hcrt-1 and -2 into the trigeminal motor nucleus to determine whether these ligands alter masseter muscle activity and by pretreating the trigeminal motor nucleus with a N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist to determine if glutamatergic pathways are involved in the transduction of the Hcrt signal. We found that Hcrt-1 and -2 microinjections into the trigeminal motor nucleus increased ipsilateral masseter muscle tone in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that Hcrt application into the hypoglossal motor nucleus increases genioglossus muscle activity. We suggest that Hcrt regulates motor control processes and that this regulation is mediated by glutamate release in the trigeminal motor nucleus..
By way of the representative application of the recommended investigation procedure to 100 microm serial sections through the patient's brain stem stained for lipofuscin pigment and Nissl material, we observed neuronal loss together with astrogliosis in nearly all of the ingestion-related lower brain stem nuclei (motor, principal and spinal trigeminal nuclei; facial nucleus; parvocellular reticular nucleus; ambiguous nucleus, motor nucleus of the dorsal glossopharyngeal and vagal area; gelatinous, medial, parvocellular and pigmented solitary nuclei; hypoglossal nucleus).
Many of the brainstem nuclei, notably the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, hypoglossal nucleus, trigeminal nucleus and inferior olive were all labelled with gephyrin.
LAT staining differed among structures: intense and widespread within trigeminal neurons, intermediate within the sympathetic intermediolateral cell group of the spinal cord and the facial motor nucleus, and weak in other sites.
We recorded rhythmical neural activities from TMNs using whole and fragmented brainstem slices preparation including the trigeminal motor nucleus in the presence of the excitatory amino acid agonist NMA and the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BIC). TMNs receive projections from premotoneurons for an NMDA-induced rhythmical activity, which can be located in the area 300 microm surrounding the trigeminal motor nucleus.
This study was conducted to investigate immunohistochemically the expression of c-Fos in neurons around the trigeminal motor nucleus following application of mechanical force to a tooth, a mechanical pinch to the tongue, and paraformaldehyde injection into the periodontal ligament and masseter muscle.
Motoneurons innervating the different lingual muscles were spatially segregated within the hypoglossal motor nucleus, and no double-labeled motoneurons were observed.
Peripheral input convergence on trigeminal premotor neurons in the vicinity of trigeminal motor nucleus has been investigated. Thirty neurons were identified by their antidromic responses to microstimulation of the masseteric subnucleus of trigeminal motor nucleus (NVmot-mass).
Motor units were excited by stimulating motoneurones in the trigeminal motor nucleus.
Monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) activity was evoked by placing bipolar stainless steel electrodes dorsal-caudal to the trigeminal motor nucleus.
This was not the case in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus or (PPT) or in the trigeminal motor nucleus.
Postmortem findings suggestive of mesquite toxicosis are limited to fine vacuolation of neurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus.
We demonstrate the presence of nitric oxide synthase containing fibers within the guinea pig trigeminal motor nucleus and describe the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on trigeminal motoneurons.
OXB-like terminals were observed to distribute in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (Vme) and the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo) where they closely contact the Vme neuronal somata and the Vmo neuronal somata and dendrites retrogradely labeled with HRP.
The study of the various nuclei (nucleus hypoglossus, dorsal vagus motor nucleus, tractus solitarii nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, trigeminal tractus and nucleus, arcuate nucleus, and ventrolateral reticular formation and its neurons and parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse complex) was performed on transversal serial sections through the entire pons and medulla oblongata.
Our results show that subpopulations of neurons in medial reticular nuclei extending from the caudal part of the trigeminal motor nucleus to the rostral third of the hypoglossal motor nucleus are active during the fictive masticatory motor behaviour.
The motoneurones controlling this behaviour are located in various nuclei in the pons (trigeminal motor nucleus), medulla (facial nucleus, nucl.
Motor unit force responses were elicited by stimulating motoneurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus extracellularly.
Immunoreactive elements were mainly localized to the spinal trigeminal, cuneate, solitary, vestibular, and cochlear sensory nuclei, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, ventral grey column, hypoglossal nucleus, dorsal and ventrolateral medullary reticular formation, pontine subventricular grey and locus coeruleus, lateral regions of the rostral pontine tegmentum, tectal plate, trochlear nucleus, dorsal and median raphe nuclei, caudal and rostral linear nuclei, cuneiform nucleus, and substantia nigra.
In the trigeminal motor nucleus, NADPH-d-positive neurons appeared transiently and bilaterally, peaking at 1 week (663.5 +/- 156.2, ipsilateral side; 687.5 +/- 118.6, contralateral side) after unilateral denervation of the masseteric nerve.
Twitches were elicited by stimulating motoneurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus.
These were found within the middle and caudal thirds of the trigeminal motor nucleus, but there appeared to be no spatial separation of the three pools or double labeling of cells.
Numerous evidence suggests that interneurons located in the lateral tegmentum at the level of the trigeminal motor nucleus contribute importantly to the circuitry involved in mastication. To answer this question, intracellular recordings were performed in an in vitro slice preparation comprising interneurons of the peritrigeminal area (PeriV) surrounding the trigeminal motor nucleus (NVmt) and the parvocellular reticular formation ventral and caudal to it (PCRt). In all neurons but one, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were also elicited by stimulation of NVmt, suggesting the existence of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons within the motor nucleus.
In this course, the fibers gave off axon collaterals bearing varicosities in the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo), the parvicellular reticular formation (PCRt), the dorsomedial portions of the subnuclei of oralis (Vodm) and interpolaris (Vidm) and in the XII ipsilaterally.
These neurons were mainly encountered ventral to the trigeminal motor nucleus and dorsal to the VII.
We investigated the developmental relationship between terminals expressing GAD67 and GABA(A) receptor beta(2)/beta(3) subunit expression within the trigeminal motor nucleus.
Within the hindbrain, the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, the vagal part of the nucleus ambiguus, and the dosal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve contained many neurons that exhibited strong expression of AR mRNA.
As has been shown previously in other studies, projections to the cerebellar nuclei were identified from the cerebellar cortex, the trigeminal motor nucleus, and the vestibular nuclei.
To determine the number and spatial distribution of contacts, injections of biotinamide and horseradish peroxidase were made into a Vo.r neuron and an alpha-motoneuron in the jaw-closing (JC) and jaw-opening (JO) motor nucleus, respectively, in 39 cats.
In immunohistochemical experiments, the AT1 antisera selectively labeled AT1-expressing neurons in the piriform cortex, whereas the AT2 antiserum stained cells in the trigeminal motor nucleus, these being nuclei known to express AT1 and AT2 receptors, respectively.
The twitches were elicited by stimulating motoneurons extracellularly in the trigeminal motor nucleus.
Initially, horseradish peroxidase was iontophoresed unilaterally into the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo). Numerous neurons retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase from the trigeminal motor nucleus were found bilaterally in the PCRt, PCRtA, Vodm, and Vidm.
A population of ventral horn neurons in the spinal cord, hypoglossal nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, facial motor nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, abducens nucleus and trigeminal motor nucleus exhibited irU-II of varying intensities.
Immunohistochemistry indicates that one or both of the receptor subtypes are expressed in the dorsal raphe, the lateral dorsal tegmental (LDT), the pedunculo pontine (PPT), the locus coeruleus (LC), the locus subcoeruleus, pontis oralis, Barrington's, the trigeminal complex (mesencephalic trigeminal and motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve), the dorsal tegmental nucleus of Gudden (DTG), the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCA), trapezoid nucleus (TZ), pontine raphe nucleus and the pontine reticular formation.
Ten of 55 CP axons were antidromically activated by stimulation of the contralateral trigeminal motor nucleus.
Neural circuits from the supratrigeminal region (Vsup) to the hypoglossal motor nucleus were studied in rats using anterograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracing methodologies. Microinjection of 20% horseradish peroxidase (HRP) ipsilaterally or bilaterally into the tongue resulted in retrograde labeling of XII motoneurons confined to the dorsal and ventral compartments of the hypoglossal motor nucleus.
Two experiments explored the role of the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (Mo5) and surrounding area in the rewarding effects of medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation. In five rats, no lesions affecting the motor nucleus or its surrounding area affected the frequency required to maintain half-maximal response rate at any current.
The earliest TRHir cells observed were those of the trigeminal motor nucleus, which expressed this substance only in embryos and alevins.
Double labeling was performed by injection of an anterograde tracer in the 5i and 5c and retrograde tracer (gold-horseradish peroxidase complex) into the VII or the XII motor nucleus on the same side.
Moderate staining was observed in the area postrema, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, lateral cuneate, lateral reticular, spinal trigeminal nucleus, RVLM, and inferior olive.
In the rhombencephalon, labeled cells were seen in the majority of the nuclei in the latero-dorsal pontine tegmentum, the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, the trapezoid, vestibular medial, vestibular inferior and cochlear nuclei, the prepositus hypoglossal, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the infratrigeminal nucleus and the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and in the rhombencephalic reticular formation.
Lesions including the Probst's tract at the level caudal to the trigeminal motor nucleus abolished both excitation and inhibition in hypoglossal motoneurons induced by tonic depression of the lower jaw, but exerted no effects on either the tonic stretch reflex or the trigemino-hypoglossal reflex.
In this paper, we have studied the connection of this area with the trigeminal motor nucleus and with pools of last-order interneurons of the lateral brainstem. Injections of tracer into the Vth motor nucleus marked neurons in several trigeminal nuclei including the ipsilateral mesencephalic nucleus, the contralateral Vth motor nucleus, the dorsal cap of the main sensory nucleus and the rostral divisions of the spinal nucleus bilaterally. Many last-order interneurons formed a bilateral lateral band running caudally from Regio h (the zone surrounding the Vth motor nucleus), through the parvocellular reticular formation and Vth spinal caudal nucleus. The major difference between injection sites was that most neurons projecting to the Vth motor nucleus were located laterally, whereas most of those projecting to Regio h were found medially.
In adult brain, Gal-R2 mRNA was most abundant in the dentate gyrus, anterior and posterior hypothalamus, raphe and spinal trigeminal nuclei, and in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.
Autonomic preganglionic nuclei, such as the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, the spinal intermediolateral nucleus, and the sacral parasympathetic nucleus, also contained neuronal cell bodies with the immunoreactivity, implying modulatory functions of EP3R in the central autonomic nervous system.
Relative levels of SRC-1a mRNA were much higher in anterior pituitary, and the arcuate, paraventricular and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus and the trigeminal motor nucleus, all important targets of steroid hormones in the brain.
The effects of both antagonists were also investigated on the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl isoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-, kainate-, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced depression of extracellular antidromic field potentials in the abducens motor nucleus.
Four sites were examined; the trigeminal ganglion, mesencephalic nucleus, principal sensory nucleus (PSN), and trigeminal motor nucleus.
The motor axons innervating the tensor veli palatini (TVP) navigate a long distance from the trigeminal motor nucleus to their target.
Two types of fictive masticatory movement patterns were induced by repetitive stimulation of the masticatory cortex and monitored from the trigeminal motor nucleus.
Visceral afferent fibers in the solitary tract and cell bodies in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.
Glycine, glutamate, TRH, and blank microspheres were stereotactically implanted in proximity to motoneurons within the trigeminal motor nucleus in order to test the following null hypotheses: (1) neurotransmitter microspheres implanted near trigeminal motoneurons of growing rats have no significant effect on the craniofacial skeleton and temporomandibular joints of implanted animals, and (2) there are no significant differences between the relative effects of glutamate, TRH (excitatory to trigeminal motoneurons), and glycine (inhibitory to trigeminal motoneurons) implants upon the craniofacial skeleton and temporomandibular joint.
In the medulla, they were observed in the medullary reticular formation, hypoglossal nucleus, vestibular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and nucleus ambiguus.
At early stages of development both the GDNF receptor, gfralpha1, and the neurturin (NTN) receptor, gfralpha2, were expressed in the oculomotor, facial and spinal accessory, and only gfralpha1 in the trochlear, superior salivatory, trigeminal, hypoglossal and weakly in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the ambiguous nucleus.
Furthermore, a prominent staining was found in the medial, dorsal and gelatinous subnuclei of the solitary tract and the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus.
Phenylephrine infusion caused c-Fos-ir expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius, spinal trigeminal tract, solitary tract, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.
Because the digastric motor nucleus may contain separate populations of ipsi- and contralateral projecting motoneurones, it was necessary to study single motor-unit responses to TCMS to demonstrate a bilateral corticobulbar projection.
The caudal part of the nucleus of the solitary tract, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the facial nucleus were not labeled.
Electrophysiological mapping allows identification of facial nerve fibers, nuclei of the abducent and hypoglossal nerves, motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, and the ambiguous nucleus.
Conglomerate inclusions (CIs) were observed in the remaining neurons in various areas, including the spinal anterior horn, posterior horn, Clark's column, accessory cuneate nucleus, tegmental reticular formation, motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, nucleus of the facial nerve, hypoglossal nucleus, medial nucleus of the thalamus, dentate nucleus, and motor cortex (Betz cells).
In this study, the immunohistochemical localization of c-fos was studied in the neurons of the hypoglossal nucleus (XII), the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve (X), the nucleus solitarius (Sol), the accessory cuneate nucleus (Cun), the spinal trigeminal nucleus (V) and the inferior olive (Oli) of the human medulla oblongata from forensic autopsy cases.
The trigeminal motor nucleus (nVm) and principal sensory nucleus lie near the level of entrance of NV.
Double-labeled (i.e., CTb(+), Fos(+)) neurons were found exclusively in the ventral portion of the medullary reticular formation, medial to the facial motor nucleus and lateral to the inferior olive.
In the present study, intensely labeled CGRP neurons were localized within several cranial nerve nuclei including the hypoglossal, facial, oculomotor, motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and nucleus ambiguus, as well as in the parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus and medullary and pontine reticular formation.
The trigeminal motor nucleus was first detected at the 38 somite stage (E10.5).
In comparison with the morphology indicated by DiI labeling, the results suggest that areas I, II and III correspond to the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, the spinal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and the trigeminal motor nucleus, respectively.
No terminals were found within the trigeminal motor nucleus, in contrast with the facial motor nucleus. A dense terminal field was observed in the parvicellular reticular formation ventrally to the trigeminal motor nucleus.
SNAP-25a RNA transcripts were strongly expressed in the parasympathetic Edinger-Westphal nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve but weakly expressed in motor nuclei such as the oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, facial, ambiguus, hypoglossal and accessory nuclei and in motoneurons of mouse lumbar spinal cord. In contrast, SNAP-25b RNA transcripts were not detectable in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve but were strongly expressed in the oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, facial, ambiguus, hypoglossal, and accessory nuclei and in the motoneurons of mouse lumbar spinal cord.
The recent discovery of transient estrogen receptor (ER) expression in the developing rat facial motor nucleus (FMN), coupled with the concept that regeneration may recapitulate development, has led to the hypothesis that facial nerve injury may transiently induce expression of ER in the adult hamster FMN or one of its chief afferents, the principal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (Nu5).
The cell bodies of efferent neurons supplying the masseter and digastric muscles of the rabbit are located in two brainstem nuclei: the trigeminal motor nucleus and cell group k. Cell counts and three-dimensional reconstructions were made for both series to determine positions and ratios of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons within the trigeminal motor nucleus and the subdivisions of cell group k. The results showed that the numbers of choline acetyltransferase- and Nissl-stained neurons within the trigeminal motor nucleus were almost identical.
The ultrastructure of 243 intracellularly stained jaw-muscle spindle afferent boutons located within the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo) was examined.
The spindle afferents terminated mainly in the supratrigeminal nucleus (Vsup), region h, and the dorsolateral subdivision (Vmo.dl) of the trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo).
In addition, in the brainstem, the oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, mecencephalic and motor nuclei of trigeminal nerve (N), abducens nucleus, facial nucleus, nucleus of the raphe pontis, dorsoral motor nucleus of vagal N, hypoglossal nucleus and ambiguus nucleus showed motopsin mRNA expression.
Although NADPH-d-positive neurons were demonstrated in several neural structures, only those in the dorsal raphe nuclei, central subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal vagal motor nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, reticular parvocellular nucleus, and medullary A5 noradrenergic cells were colabeled for nuclear Fos-ir following injection of 2DG.
Transections more rostral than the FC produced rhythms that progressively deteriorated until the trigeminal motor nucleus (MoV) was reached, at which point all activities ceased.
The projections of putative second-order neurons in these regions, as determined by injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into the dorsolateral medulla, were found to include the dorsal trigeminal motor nucleus (Vd), which innervates the M.
In the medulla, nov-expressing neurons were detected in the principal nucleus of the inferior olive, the hypoglossal nucleus and the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus at G16W.
In the brain stem, two specific motor nuclei, the facial nucleus and the motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve, which are important to active feeding, were strongly positive for PI-6 mRNA.
We suggest that there exist separate, but coordinated, rhythm generator circuits for opener and closer motoneuronal discharge located in close proximity to the trigeminal motor nucleus and under GABAergic control for production of temporal coordination between rhythmogenic circuits..
Neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagal nerve expressed statistically significantly less NSE immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm than in the hypoglossal nucleus (XII), solitary nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, and lateral cuneate nucleus.
Pressure injections of the anterograde tracer tetramethylrhodamine dextran into the PTN in the rat resulted in bilateral labeling in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, and parabrachial nucleus.
In the brainstem nuclei, the jaw-closing motor nucleus received the highest density of projections from class II neurons with the receptive field involving the periodontal ligaments.
Leptin receptor mRNA was localized to the spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), area postrema and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.
In the medulla, NPY images were found in the nucleus of solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve, lateral reticular nucleus and the reticular formation.
Earlier work has shown that two important consequences of implanting thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) microspheres near motoneurones within the trigeminal motor nucleus of actively growing rats are increased muscle mass and a darkening of the implant-side masticatory muscles.
Electron microscopic double-labeling study in the rat indicated that projection fibers from the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vc) were distributed ipsilaterally within the supratrigeminal region (STR) capping the trigeminal motor nucleus (Tm) and made synaptic contact with neurons projecting to the contralateral Tm.
The 5-HT2A immunoreactivity demonstrated in the nerve terminal or dendritic-like structures of regions of the nucleus raphe pallidus, nucleus interfascicularis, motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, the ventral and dorsal tegmental nuclei and the median eminence by means of double immunofluorescence procedures were shown to be associated with 5-HT immunoreactive cell body-dendritic and/or nerve terminal structures.
After these were recorded, animals were paralyzed and fictive motor output was recorded with an extracellular microelectrode in the trigeminal motor nucleus. Both of these areas contain many interneurons projecting to the trigeminal motor nucleus.
As for brain regions not directly connected to the cerebellum, higher CO activity was observed in the trigeminal motor nucleus and the CA1 molecular layer of the hippocampus, which highlights probable transsynaptic alterations as a secondary consequence of cerebellar atrophy.
Here, we show in trigeminal mesencephalic motor nucleus neurons, which receive their major input from the MNV, that both exogenous ATP (1 mM) and high frequency focal stimulation to evoke endogenous ATP release enhanced the frequency of spontaneous fast excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) with no change in their amplitude. Thus, functional P2X receptors are expressed on nerve terminals in the brain stem, where they increase the spontaneous release of glutamate onto trigeminal mesencephalic motor nucleus neurons..
Motoneurons with monosynaptic EPSPs were located at all rostrocaudal levels throughout the trigeminal motor nucleus, whereas motoneurons without such EPSPs were encountered only at the middle level.
The site of the reflex was probably above the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, because jerks could be induced by jaw taps.
Transverse slices of rat brain stem containing the trigeminal motor nucleus (200-300 microns thick) were prepared and stained by the methylene blue staining method.
It was localized in all fetal areas exhibiting distinct [ 125I]-NDP binding, starting with sympathetic ganglia and epithalamus (E14), and including sensory trigeminal nuclei (E16), dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (E16) and cranial nerve ganglia, inferior olive (E18) and cerebellum (E18), striatal regions (E16), and entorhinal cortex (E22).
The spindle afferents terminated mainly in the supratrigeminal nucleus (Vsup), region h, and the dorsolateral subdivision of trigeminal motor nucleus (Vmo.dl) but differed in the pattern of projections of group Ia and group II afferents.
Injections produced a predictable myotopic labeling pattern in the facial motor nucleus (Mo 7) and transneuronally in regions known to project directly to Mo 7 including the red nucleus, ventrolateral parabrachial region, principal trigeminal sensory nucleus, supratrigeminal area, and the parvicellular reticular formation.
A predictable myotopic labeling pattern was produced in the trigeminal motor nucleus (Mo 5).
The caudal periodontal Mes V neurones may be favourably located to make collateral connections with the trigeminal motor nucleus for jaw reflexes.
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