NPR-C immunoreactivity was detected in several regions, including the periaqueductal gray, oculomotor nucleus, red nucleus and trochlear nucleus of the midbrain; the pontine nucleus, dorsal tegmental nucleus, vestibular nucleus, locus coeruleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, abducens nucleus and facial nucleus of the pons; and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, hypoglossal nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, nucleus ambiguus and inferior olivary nucleus of the medulla oblongata. 
Precerebellar neurons of the inferior olive (IO) and lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) migrate tangentially from the rhombic lip toward the floor plate following parallel pathways.
The lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) showed fluorescent labeled terminal fibers on day 12 and 14, after tracer injection to contralateral sciatic nerve.
Low frequency gastric distension induced c-Fos expression in nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) only, whereas in the high frequency gastric distension c-Fos positive nuclei were found in lateral reticular nucleus and in NTS in addition to some forebrain areas.
The pontine nuclei of the echidna included basilar and reticulotegmental components with similar cyto- and chemarchitectural features to therians and there were magnocellular and subtrigeminal components of the lateral reticular nucleus, also as seen in therians.
The lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) resides in the rostral medulla and caudal pons, is implicated in cardiovascular regulation and cranial nerve reflexes, and gives rise to mossy fibers in the cerebellum.
Furthermore, the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus (LRT) and the hypoglossal nucleus demonstrated intense EYFP expression whereas other regions of the medulla were devoid of neuronal EYFP labeling (e.g.
Retrogradely labeled neurons in the lateral reticular nucleus tended to locate more laterally and be more condensed into a small compartment in the reeler compared with their normal counterparts.
It was seen heaviest in the pontine nuclei and moderate in the pontine reticulotegmental nucleus; however, it was seen less in the medial solitary nucleus, red nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, external cuneate nucleus and vestibular nuclear complex.
In acute experiments on anaesthetized with urethane normotensive rats we studied effects of modulating the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) of the neurons in the medullary cardiovascular nuclei - nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), paramedian reticular nucleus (PMn), n.ambiguus (AMB), and lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) on the systemic arterial pressure level (SAP).
NPR-A-immunoreactive perikarya were found in the red nucleus and the oculomotor nucleus in the midbrain, the parabrachial nucleus and the locus coeruleus in the pons, and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the hypoglossal nucleus, the cuneate nucleus, the gracile nucleus, the nucleus ambiguus, the lateral reticular nucleus, the reticular formation, and the inferior olivary nucleus in the medulla oblongata.
We used the c-fos expression as a tool to study correlated neuronal activation, induced by bending the inflamed paw of monoarthritic animals, between the spinal dorsal horn and medullary centers belonging to the endogenous pain control system, namely the lateralmost reticular formation of the ventrolateral medulla (VLMlat), the lateral reticular nucleus (LRt), the dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt), the nucleus tractus solitarius (Sol) and the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM).
The present study was carried out to analyze the topography of bilateral spinal projections to the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN).
Two other precerebellar nuclei, the lateral reticular nucleus and the inferior olive, are present in Large(vls) mice.
Immunohistochemical methods were used to label singly and/or in combination glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, the sole synthesizing enzyme for the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid) and phosphate-activated glutaminase (GLN, a synthesizing enzyme for glutamate) in neurons of lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) of thalamus of adult cats.
In situ hybridization analysis shows that at least four classic cadherins, cadherin 6 (Cad6), cadherin 8 (Cad8), cadherin11 (Cad11) and N-cadherin (Ncad), are expressed in the migratory streams of lateral reticular nucleus and external cuneate nucleus (LRN/ECN) neurons.
In anesthetized rats, innocuous stomach distension increased arterial blood pressure and heart rate and induced c-Fos immunoreactivity within nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus ambiguus, ventrolateral medulla and lateral reticular nucleus. Also, c-Fos immunoreactivity was significantly decreased in nucleus tractus solitarii and lateral reticular nucleus. c-Fos immunoreactivity in nucleus tractus solitarii, lateral reticular nucleus and nucleus ambiguus was reduced in comparison to the intact rats.
Labelled neurons in the tangential migratory streams form contralateral clusters in the external cuneate nucleus (ECN) and lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) in the myelencephalon, and bilateral clusters in the pontine grey nucleus (PGN) and reticulotegmental nucleus (RTN) in the metencephalon.
Another difference with the cat was that only 26 of the 86 PNs (30%, as compared with 84% in the cat) with projection to the forelimb motor nuclei send ascending collaterals terminating in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) on the ipsilateral side of the medulla.
Among the regions displaying the most intense labelling were the olfactory tubercle, lateral septum (LS), caudate putamen (Cpu), central amygdaloid nucleus (Ce), paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SO), lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH), lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) and solitary tract nucleus (NTS).
In comparison with sham and saline conditions, NGF administration induced significantly stronger Fos immunoreactivity in the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey (PAG), the medullary lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), and superficial layers I and II of cervical spinal dorsal horns C1, C2 and C3.
In the medulla oblongata, labelled cell bodies were numerous in the spinal trigeminal, cuneate and gracilis nuclei whilst rarer in the lateral reticular nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus and raphe nucleus.
Furthermore, there were projections into the reticular formation of the lateral and dorsocaudal medulla and lateral pons, into nucleus gracilis, inferior and medial vestibular nuclei, lateral reticular nucleus, ventral raphe, pontine gray, superior colliculus, PAG and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.
Immunoreactive cell bodies containing neurokinin B were observed, for example, in the locus coeruleus, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the median division of the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, the lateral tegmental field, the pericentral nucleus of the inferior colliculus, the internal division of the lateral reticular nucleus, the inferior central nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, the postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, and in the medial nucleus of the solitary tract.
FOS positive neurons were induced by hypoxia and mainly existed in the nucleus of solitary tract, area postrema, hypoglossal nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, nucleus raphe pallidus, facial nucleus, trapezoid nucleus, but in the group of hypoxia plus TMP, the level of FOS immunoreactivity decreased remarkably, compared with the group of hypoxia (P<0.05).
These chemosensitive neurons are located in the caudal ventrolateral medulla in a medial region, closest to the pyramidal tract, and a lateral region, beneath the lateral reticular nucleus.
There was labeling in DMV, locus coeruleus, inferior olive, lateral reticular nucleus, and caudalis spinal trigemius.
In halothane-anesthetized rats, neurons stereotaxically located in the region of the medullary lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) and responsive to urinary bladder distension (UBD) were characterized using extracellular electrodes.
Both the CTbeta and PRV injections also resulted in labeling of neurons in all four vestibular nuclei, the prepositus hypoglossi, the reticular formation, the inferior olivary nucleus, the medullary raphe nuclei, the spinal and principal trigeminal nuclei, the facial nucleus, and the lateral reticular nucleus.
IL-1beta expression was also found in the nuclei of afferent nervous pathways of the superior laryngeal nerve, such as the nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus, lateral reticular nucleus, magnocellular reticular nucleus and paragigantocellular reticular nucleus..
In the rats of hypoxia group, the level of nNOS immunoreactivity was enhanced remarkably in the lateral reticular nucleus, nucleus of trapezoid, hypoglossal nucleus and the facial nucleus compared with the control group (P<0.05).
In acute experiments on anaesthetized with urethane normotensive rats, we studied the influence of modulation of neuronal NO-synthase (nNOS) activity on the effects of GABA injected in the populations of cardiovascular neurons within the nucleus of tractus solitarius (NTS), n.ambiguus (AMB), paramedian reticular nucleus (PMn) and lateral reticular nucleus (LRN).
After comparison with experimental models in cats, it is proposed that the section of the cortico-neocerebellum tract of the extra-pyramidal system disinhibits the spino-archeocerebellum tract, enabling a motor stimulation of the arm by the lateral reticular nucleus, which harmonises central respiratory and locomotor rhythms.
The projection to the facial nucleus arises from nearby reticular neurons, whereas projections to the vestibular nucleus arise from the lateral reticular nucleus.
The areas included the nuclei of the solitary tract (especially the dorsal, interstitial and ventrolateral subnuclei), the ventromedial part of the parvocellular tegmental field (FTL -- lateral nuclei of reticular formation), the lateral reticular nucleus, the ambigual and para-ambigual regions, and the retrofacial nucleus.
Similarly, neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus and basilar pons are unable to migrate across the floor plate and instead remain ipsilateral.
Neither the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, usually active for swallow, nor the nucleus retroambiguus, retrofacial nucleus, and the lateral reticular nucleus, usually active for cough, were active with elicitation of the laryngeal adductor response alone.
These structures included the inferior olive (IO), the source of climbing fibers, and the lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) and basilar pontine nuclei (PN), sources of mossy fibers.
The VLMlat, the reticular formation located between the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the lateral reticular nucleus (LRt), appears to play a major role in that antinociceptive action.
ambiguus (AMB), and the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN).
Active caspase-3 increased in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) (P<0.05) but decreased in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) (P<0.05), while TUNEL increased in both the DMNV and LRt (P<0.05 for both).
In the brainstem, retrograde labeling occurred at the periaqueductal gray, red nucleus, parabrachial area, nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus tractus solitarii, lateral reticular nucleus and dorsal and ventral medullary reticular formation. Injections of BDA into the periaqueductal gray, red nucleus or lateral nucleus of the cerebellum resulted in anterograde labeling in the VLMlat and lateral reticular nucleus.The present study gives an account of the brain regions putatively involved in triggering the modulatory actions elicited from the VLMlat.
Single- and double-labelled cell bodies were plotted in the basal pontine nucleus (BPN), nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), and the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN).
Stem axons of the PNs bifurcate in the same segments and send ascending axons to the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) as well as descending axons to the cervical motor nucleus.
After 2 days IHH, %TUN in non-NR1 neurons was increased in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRt, P=0.05), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS, P=0.004) and gracile nucleus (P=0.05).
RESULTS: Neurons co-expressing TH/Fos were observed in lateral reticular nucleus (LRT), rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL), solitary tract nucleus (SOL), locus coeruleus (LC), A5, A7 neuronal groups and ventrolateral subdivision of the periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) in both models.
Noxious cutaneous mechanical stimulation significantly increased the proportions of neurons double-labelled for Fos and GABA(B) receptors in several brainstem regions, namely, the reticular formation of the caudal ventrolateral medulla (VLMlat and VLMrf), lateral reticular nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, pars caudalis (Sp5C), nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal reticular nucleus, ventral reticular nucleus, raphe obscurus nucleus and dorsal parabrachial nucleus (DPB).
The PNMT-immunoreactive cells in the ventrolateral group C1 were found to be located around the lateral reticular nucleus.
Patterns of afferent connections from receptors of the distal forelimb were investigated in neurones located in C6-C7 segments of the spinal cord with branching axons projecting to the lateral reticular nucleus and the cerebellum.
Alpha2A-AR RNA in the glutamatergic neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus was elevated significantly after stress and after recovery (by 29% and 17%).
Virus-infected perikarya were present in several brain stem nuclei including the gigantocellular and paragigantocellular nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the caudal raphe nuclei, the A1/C1, A2, A5 and A7 noradrenergic cell groups and the locus coeruleus.
In addition to the nuclei mentioned above, the highest densities of such immunoreactive fibers were located in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the superior colliculus, the substantia nigra, the nucleus ambiguus, the gracile nucleus, the cuneate nucleus, the motor hypoglossal nucleus, the medial and superior vestibular nuclei, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi and the interpeduncular nucleus.
Neurones with inclusion bodies occur in the inferior olivary nuclear complex, lateral reticular nucleus, external cuneate nucleus, conterminal nucleus, interfascicular nucleus, nucleus of Roller, dorsal paramedian reticular nucleus, subventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, pontobulbar body and pontine grey. The lateral reticular nucleus and accessory nuclei of the inferior olive sustain the most damage and reveal prominent neuronal loss, followed by the pontobulbar body and arcuate nucleus.
This immunohistochemical study, using a rabbit polyclonal antiserum against the human metastin fragment (45-54)-NH(2), showed that in rats metastin-like immunoreactivity (MTS-LI) was present in neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract and caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, and in cell processes of the spinal trigeminal tract and lateral reticular nucleus.
In addition, there was a significant increase in FLI in area postrema and the ventrolateral medullary region dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus following nicotine but not capsaicin.
Irrespective of age, CO activity was reduced in three cerebellar-related regions of NFH-LacZ transgenic mice: (1) the lateral reticular nucleus, (2) the parvicellular red nucleus, and (3) the superior colliculus, possibly as a secondary consequence of cerebellar Purkinje cell histopathology.
Significant BNPI/VGLUT1 mRNA signals were demonstrated in the lateral reticular nucleus and vestibular nuclear complex but not in the inferior olivary nucleus, indicating that climbing fibers have DNPI/VGLUT2 only.
Previous studies have reported that static muscle contraction induced c-Fos protein in the nucleus of tractus solitarii (NTS), lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), lateral tegmental field (FTL), subretrofacial nucleus (SRF), A1 region and periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the brainstem.
In anaesthetised rabbits, bilateral injections of the neuroinhibitory compound muscimol into the CVLM at the level of the most caudal part of the lateral reticular nucleus, which corresponds to the anatomical location of the CPA as mapped in the rat, resulted in an immediate profound hypotension and almost complete abolition of renal sympathetic nerve activity (rSNA).
This micromapping study pinpointed the precise location of caudal pressor area (CPA) neurons in a restricted region lateral to the caudal end of the lateral reticular nucleus and ventromedial to the medullary dorsal horn near the level of the pyramidal decussation.
The lateral reticular nucleus (LRT) of the medulla oblongata is a precerebellar nucleus involved in proprioception and somatomotor automatisms.
Axons and terminal processes of cervical dorsal horn cells projecting to the medulla were present in the cuneate nucleus (Cu), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the lateral reticular nucleus, (LRt) as well as the caudal and rostral ventrolateral medulla (VLM).
Axotomised neurons in the inferior olive, deep cerebellar nuclei and lateral reticular nucleus upregulate growth-associated molecules and regenerate their neurites into growth-permissive transplants.
In the three pathways, the cVLM neurones involved are circumscribed to a small area of reticular formation located laterally to the lateral reticular nucleus, the VLMlat.
The first system is centred on the projection from deep laminae to three caudal reticular areas - the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), the subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD) and the gigantocellular lateral paragigantocellular reticular nuclei (NGc) - and the parabrachial internal lateral subnucleus (PBil).
Labeled terminal fibers, evidencing bilateral efferent paratrigeminal projections were observed in the medial and caudal solitary tract (sol), lateral reticular nucleus (LRt), ambiguus nucleus (Amb), rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL), while ipsilateral projections were found in the parabrachial (PB) nuclei and ventral portion of the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM).
Dense concentrations of nerve terminals were found in the lateral reticular nucleus ipsilateral to the stimulation site. These observations led us to speculate that the superficial VLF carries a locomotor-related tract originating bilaterally in lumbar lamina VII and terminating in the ipsilateral medulla, including the lateral reticular nucleus.
By using retrograde double-labeling techniques, we analyzed the topography of projections from the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) to the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum, with the aim to investigate whether LRN projections to the two lobes come from different neurons or from branching axons of the same cells.
Virus-infected perikarya were present in several brain stem nuclei (lateral reticular nucleus, gigantocellular and paragigantocellular nucleus, A5 noradrenergic cell group, caudal raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus, Barrington's nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, periaqueductal gray) and in the diencephalon (hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamus).
rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL), ambiguus nucleus (Amb), lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) and ipsilateral parabrachial nuclei, but not the contralateral Pa5.
The existence of noradrenergic projections from the lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) to the dorsal quadrant of cervical, thoracic, or lumbar spinal cord was investigated using a combined method of WGA-apo-HRP-gold retrograde tracing and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) immunocytochemistry.
The PrRP mRNA was expressed in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) at embryonic day 18 (E18) and in the ventral and lateral reticular nucleus (VLRN) of the caudal medulla oblongata at E20. PrRP fibers were also found in the optic chiasm, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, cingulum, intermediate reticular nucleus, and caudal ventrolateral reticular nucleus at P6 and P9.
Observations of genomic activation of catecholaminergic (CA) neurons in the hindbrain lateral reticular nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and area postrema (AP) by glucopenia support their potential function in pathways mediating regulatory effects of this metabolic challenge within the brain.
5-HT(2A) receptor is expressed at high levels in some nuclei such as the hypoglossal nucleus, the intercalate nucleus, the inferior olive and the lateral reticular nucleus.
The dense networks of immunoreactive fibers were found in the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus, and the superficial layer of spinal trigeminal nucleus and dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
Few well-defined nuclei exhibited positive TLR4 transcript: the supramamillary nucleus, cochlear nucleus, and the lateral reticular nucleus.
Small numbers were also found in the vestibular complex, cuneate nuclei, inferior olive and lateral reticular nucleus.
Short C3-C4 PNs were identified by antidromic activation of their axons in the ventral horn in C6/C7 and in the lateral reticular nucleus.
The red nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus and cerebellum labeled intensely for NMDAR1 and moderately for GluR1.
In contrast, large glutamatergic neurons in the lateral reticular nucleus were strongly labeled by the probe. Chronic psychosocial stress reduced alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor RNA expression in locus coeruleus neurons (-24.0%), in solitary tract neurons (-31.0%), and in neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus (-18.8%).
On E21 ppGAL mRNA was found in the locus coeruleus (LC), the nucleus of the solitary tract, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (nX), the lateral reticular nucleus (LRn) and superficially along the ventral medullary surface.
Nearly all tested motoneurons also responded with short latency EPSPs to stimulation in the ipsilateral lateral reticular nucleus.
Extracellular recordings were performed of neurons stereotaxically located within the ventrobasal group of the thalamus and in the region of the medullary lateral reticular nucleus.
The effects of inactivation of cerebellar deep nuclei and the lateral pontine nucleus on classical eyeblink conditioning with tone or lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) stimulation as conditioned stimuli (CSs) were examined.
There were several regions such as the substantia gelatinosa, ventral caudate-putamen and the lateral reticular nucleus where the neurotensin receptor 1 positive cells had not previously been reported, indicating that distribution of this receptor is widespread..
The results suggest that most of these cells (>90%) project to the contralateral lateral reticular nucleus (or to a nearby region), while many (>60%) send axons to the lateral parabrachial area and some to the dorsal part of the caudal medulla.
Muscle contraction induced c-Fos-ir expression mainly in the nucleus tractus solitarius, lateral reticular nucleus, lateral tegmental field, vestibular nucleus, subretrofacial nucleus, spinal trigeminal tract and in a lateral region of the periaqueductal grey (P 0.5-1.0).
Stimulating electrodes were placed bilaterally at levels of lower thoracic and sacral segments and in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), ipsilaterally to the recording sites in C6/C7 segments.
In the transgenic mice, nitrotyrosine-IR neurons were observed in the hypoglossal nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, medullary reticular formation and cerebellar nuclei.
The effects of stimulation of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) and the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body, RB), as well as the thirteenth thoracic (Th13) and sacral (S1/S2) segments of the spinal cord were tested in 93 cells.
In addition, lightly labeled CGRP neurons were identified within the deep cerebellar nuclei, the inferior olivary complex, lateral reticular nucleus, medial and lateral vestibular nuclei, nucleus Darkschewitsch, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, the central gray area adjacent to the third ventricle, and the zona incerta.
Following injections of WGA-HRP into either the spinal cord or periaqueductal gray, labeled neurons were observed bilaterally along the periphery of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) magnocellular division.
Ascending projections of the cervical spinal cord neurones to the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) and the restiform body (RB) were electrophysiologically investigated in alpha-chloralose anaesthetized cats.
Projection of neurons in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) to the cerebellar cortex (Cx) and the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) was studied in the rat by using the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA).
Spinoreticular neurons projecting to the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) were investigated electrophysiologically in the cervical enlargement of the cat spinal cord.
By contrast, in the caudal half of the medulla, cells retrogradely labeled from the medial preoptic area were concentrated as a discrete zone dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus; labeled cells were not present in the ventromedial medulla at this level.
The otolith signals are relayed from the vestibular nuclei, medullary reticular formation, inferior olive, and lateral reticular nucleus to sagittal zones in the caudal cerebellar vermis (nodulus and uvula), and influence the deep cerebellar nuclei.
Concentrations of nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-), and total NO2- plus NO3- (NOx-) were quantified in the micropunches of the anterior hypothalamus, the posterior hypothalamus (PH), the nucleus tractus solitarius, the lateral reticular nucleus, and the vessels in a blinded fashion.
Decreased cytochrome oxidase activity in the lateral reticular nucleus of NFH-LacZ mice was associated with poor performance in two motor coordination tests. Lower metabolic activity in the lateral reticular nucleus may be secondary to previously described cerebellar abnormalities, leading to deficient motor control.
The highest density of immunoreactive fibres was found in the lateral and medial parabrachial nuclei and in the locus coeruleus; a moderate density was observed in the periaqueductal gray and the central reticular nucleus, and a low density was observed in the interpeduncular nucleus, the nucleus incertus, the raphe pallidus nucleus, the paralemniscal reticular nucleus, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the pericentral division of the dorsal tegmental nucleus and the lateral reticular nucleus.
GLP-1R mRNA was detected in numerous brain regions, including the mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb; temporal cortex; caudal hippocampus; lateral septum; amygdala; nucleus accumbens; ventral pallium; nucleus basalis Meynert; bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; preoptic area; paraventricular, supraoptic, arcuate, and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus; lateral habenula; zona incerta; substantia innominata; posterior thalamic nuclei; ventral tegmental area; dorsal tegmental, posterodorsal tegmental, and interpeduncular nuclei; substantia nigra, central gray; raphe nuclei; parabrachial nuclei; locus ceruleus, nucleus of the solitary tract; area postrema; dorsal nucleus of the vagus; lateral reticular nucleus; and spinal cord.
Transient increases in c-fos mRNA were observed in the central chemoreceptor area of the ventral medullary surface (VMS), in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and in the nucleus raphé pallidus (RPA) 1 h after birth.
The apnea producing area was located dorsal to the rostral pole of the lateral reticular nucleus, ventromedial to the ambiguous nucleus and immediately caudal to the retrofacial nucleus.
In the medulla, NPY images were found in the nucleus of solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve, lateral reticular nucleus and the reticular formation.
The medial aspect of the NIA receives afferents from the lateral reticular nucleus, external cuneate nucleus, perihypoglossal nucleus, medial vestibular nucleus and inferior central raphe nucleus. Additional afferents to more lateral aspects of the NIA are derived from the lateral reticular nucleus, external cuneate nucleus, and the magnocellular, lateral and gigantocellular tegmental areas.
In this study, using immunoelectron microscopy, we have demonstrated that PAs are predominantly located on free and attached ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus of rat medulla oblongata.
In the brain stem, constant and intense immunoreactive neurons were found in the central gray, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, solitary tract nucleus, and lateral reticular nucleus.
Neurons inhibited by CRD (n = 82) were in the area dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN).
First we have compared their response to axotomy with that of neurons of the inferior olive, lateral reticular nucleus, and deep cerebellar nuclei, all of which vigorously regenerate into growth-permissive transplants.
In seven of the monkeys motoneurone responses to stimulation of the ipsilateral lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) were also tested.
Neuropil was intensely immunostained in the accessory olfactory bulb, bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, neocortex, cingulate cortex, retrosplenial cortex, subicular and entorhinal cortices, stratum lacunosum-moleculare of CA1 and CA3, molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, periamygdaloid cortex, basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, bed nucleus of the anterior commissure, caudate-putamen, accumbens nucleus, thalamic reticular nucleus, anteroventral and paraventricular thalamic nuclei, granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, anterior and ventral tegmental nuclei, granular layer of the cochlear nucleus, and parvicellular part of the lateral reticular nucleus.
In barointact contraction cats, FLI was observed in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), NTS, lateral tegmental field (FTL), subretrofacial nucleus (SRF), and A1 region of the medulla.
Two different olivo-cortico-nuclear zones in the cat cerebellum have been compared quantitatively as regards the numbers of cells projecting to them from within several sources of mossy fibres (MFs), namely the basal pontine nuclei (BPN), nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), and the ipsilateral lateral reticular nucleus (LRN).
All labeled axons projected caudally and travelled in the ventrolateral medulla, either dorsal or ventral to the lateral reticular nucleus.
In coughing animals, we observed a selective immunoreactivity in the interstitial and ventrolateral subdivisions of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius, the medial part of the lateral tegmental field, the internal division of the lateral reticular nucleus, the nucleus retroambiguus, the para-ambigual region, the retrofacial nucleus, and the medial parabrachial nucleus. Our results are consistent with the involvement of neurons overlapping the main brainstem respiratory-related regions as well as the lateral tegmental field and the lateral reticular nucleus in the neural processing of laryngeal-induced FC..
RESP18 mRNA was expressed in POMC cells of the arcuate nucleus, in neuropeptide Y cells of the dorsal tegmental nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, and hippocampus, and in brainstem catecholaminergic neurons.
Caudal to obex, these were scattered in the reticular formation between the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the lateral reticular nucleus, while more rostrally they were found within the lateral reticular nucleus, the nucleus ambiguus and the lateral tegmental field.
Fos-like immunoreactivity was observed in neurons of the intermediolateral nucleus, ventral reticular formation, lateral reticular nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, locus coeruleus, lateral parabrachial nucleus and dorsal raphe nucleus, as well as in tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons of the cell groups A1, A2, A5, A6, A7, C1, C2 and C3..
The organisation of the projection from the principal lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) to the electrophysiologically defined cerebellar cortical c1 and c2 zones within apical folia of the forelimb-receiving area of the rostral paramedian lobule was investigated in cats.
(2) EA of the two frequencies induced a similar degree of increase of PPE mRNA in rostromedial reticular formation (gigantocellular, paragigantocellular and lateral reticular nucleus); whereas in supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial nucleus and the nucleus of lateral lemniscus, 2 Hz EA induced a higher PPE mRNA expression than 100 Hz EA.
Compared to age-matched control fetuses, hypoxia caused a significant increase in Fos-immunoreactivity in several medullary nuclei including the nucleus tractus solitarius, lateral reticular nucleus and the rostral ventrolateral medulla and also in the lateral parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus region in the pons.
We have analyzed the behavior of neurons of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) during fictive respiration and locomotion and found that some LRN neurons have both central respiratory and locomotor.
High levels are also detected in several structures for the first time after P0, including the cerebellar cortex (molecular and Purkinje cell layers), lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla and reticular formation, as well as the reticulotegmental, medial geniculate, solitary (rostral, dorsomedial, and commissural regions), medial septal, lateral mammillary, and lateral habenular nuclei.
Expressed as a proportion of NO-producing neurons per section, the largest percentages (>20%) of double-stained neurons were found in the basolateral amygdala (46%), hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (35%), corpora quadrigemina (estimated at 40%), dorsal raphe (45%), nuclei raphe pontus (33%) and obscurus (63%), lateral parabrachial nucleus (22%), medial vestibular nucleus (25%), lateral division of the nucleus paragigantocellularis (26%), and lateral reticular nucleus (35%).
Within the medulla, the 29 examined ascending SHT axons were located ventrolaterally, within or adjacent to the lateral reticular nucleus or nucleus ambiguus. These were primarily in or near the medullary reticular nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, lateral reticular nucleus, parvocellular reticular nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus, cuneate nucleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract.
Lidocaine (4%, 0.5 microl) in the lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla also attenuated the spinal hypersensitivity, however, concomitantly with motor side effects, due to which this finding maybe artificial.
We characterized [ 3H]BFI binding in human brain cortex and lateral reticular nucleus (NRL).
The results show that FLI increases in the lateral reticular nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, lateral tegmental field, vestibular nucleus, subretrofacial nucleus, and A1 region of the medulla in comparison with these same areas in sham-operated animals (P < 0.05 in each region).
In situ hybridization revealed prominent mGluR8 mRNA expression in olfactory bulb, pontine gray, lateral reticular nucleus of the thalamus, and piriform cortex.
Axonal staining in the white matter of the spinal cord was generally weak, except in the dorsolateral funiculus, where strongly calcineurin-positive axons formed a putative ascending tract that appeared to terminate uncrossed in the caudal lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla.
Using the microinjection technique, the analgesic effect of neurokinin A (NKA) microinjected into the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) and nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) was investigated in lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized rats using tail flick latency (TFL) as an index.
The projections of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) to the cerebellar nuclei were studied using the retrograde axonal transport of tetramethyl rhodamine dextran amine (10% solution in 0.01 M neutral phosphate buffer) in 19 adult Wistar strain rats.
During isometric contractions, less irNPYs were released from sites in the lateral reticular nucleus, lateral tegmental field and vestibular nuclei at a level in the brainstem 4.0-4.4 mm rostral to the obex. Brief carotid occlusions caused a release of irNPYs from the lateral reticular nucleus on the contralateral side of the brainstem (at 3.5 mm anterior to the obex).
The expression was also intense in the piriform, cingulate, and retrosplenial cortices, pyramidal cells in CA2, non-pyramidal cells in CA1-CA3, neuronal cells in the hilus of the dentate gyrus, lateral septal nucleus, intercalated amygdaloid nucleus, anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, most of the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, many regions of the hypothalamus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, hypoglossal nucleus, and lateral reticular nucleus.
A dense network of immunoreactive neurons and fibres was present in the nucleus raphe obscurus, lateral reticular nucleus and parvocellular lateral reticular nucleus. In addition, a small number of positive neurons were detected in an area between the lateral reticular nucleus and inferior olive and near the ventral surface of the medulla (parapyramidal region).
Retrograde transport of wheat germ-conjugated gold particles, WGA-apoHRP-Au, from the paraventricular nucleus, combined with immunocytochemistry for enkephalin revealed that the major sources of extrahypothalamic enkephalin afferents to the paraventricular nucleus are provided by enkephalin neurons in the lateral reticular nucleus and the paragigantocellularis reticular nucleus of the medulla (approximately 20% of retrogradely labeled neurons within this nucleus were double labeled) and in the nucleus solitary tract (approximately 10% of retrogradely labeled neurons within this nucleus were double labeled).
Medetomidine (an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist; 1 micrograms), atipamezole (an alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist; 2.5 micrograms) or saline was microinjected into the lateral reticular nucleus of the medulla, the nucleus raphe magnus, or intrathecally to the lumbar spinal cord 12 min before the mustard oil treatment. Atipamezole in the lateral reticular nucleus produced a complete reversal of the hyperalgesia but no effect on the threshold of the intact limb. Medetomidine in the spinal cord, but not in the lateral reticular nucleus, reversed the hyperalgesia.
Fos-immunoreactivity was also seen consistently in the ventrolateral medulla dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus, and vestibular and cochlear nuclei, and less consistently in nucleus raphe pallidus and inferior olive, in both irritant and in control groups, indicating that it was not stimulus-evoked.
The projection of spinal neurons to the lateral reticular nucleus of the rat was investigated with a non-fluorescent double retrograde tracing technique. Either a gold-lectin tracer or cholera toxin-b-subunit was injected into the lateral reticular nucleus on each side of the brain. It is concluded that most spinoreticular neurons project to either the ipsi- or contralateral lateral reticular nucleus, suggesting that each side receives a unique spinal input..
(2) After HRP application to the caudal area (n = 10), HRP labelled cells were mainly located at the lateral reticular nucleus (LRt) and the ventral part of at the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus LPGi. (4) After HRP application to the control area (n = 4), only 6 HRP labelled cells were found at the rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL).
This light microscopical retrograde double-labeling technique is illustrated in rat with experiments designed to investigate the collateralisation (1) of vestibular neurons to the spinal cord and oculomotor complex, (2) of spinal neurons to the left and right lateral reticular nucleus, and (3) of inferior olivary neurons to the uvula of the cerebellum.
The third pathway coursed laterally and descended through the lateral funiculus after giving projections to the lateral reticular nucleus and the marginal layer of the spinal trigeminal nucleus.
A smaller but a significant c-fos expression was observed in various structures, including the dorsomedial hypothalamic area, the central nucleus of the amygdala, the ventral part of the tuberomammillary nucleus, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, the external lateral part of the parabrachial nucleus, the dorsal division of the ambiguus nucleus, and the lateral reticular nucleus of LPS-injected rats.
Efferent projections from the lateral reticular nucleus in the rat were investigated with anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin.
Results showed that nucleus of trapezoid, lateroventral periolivary nucleus (LVPO), retrotrapezoid nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus and lateral reticular nucleus have the neural structural relations with the surface.
It was located caudal to the retrofacial nucleus and rostral to the lateral reticular nucleus, extending 3.0-3.5 mm rostral to the obex, and 3.2-4.0 mm lateral from the midline.
When probes were inserted into the more rostral site in the medulla (3.5 mm rostral to the obex), irNK were released in response to contractions from sites corresponding to lateral reticular nucleus, ventral regions of the nucleus tractus solitarius and the medial vestibular nucleus.
This network is composed of prominent recurrent connections among the red nucleus, lateral cerebellar nucleus and lateral reticular nucleus.
Strongly diaphorase and NOS reactive neurones were present in the paramedian and lateral tegmental fields, including the regions occupied by the A1/C1 catecholamine cell groups, the nucleus ambiguus and lateral reticular nucleus, and in a number of sensory nuclei including the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the dorsal column nuclei. NADPH-diaphorase/glutamate immunoreactive cells overlapped the nucleus ambiguus, the lateral reticular nucleus and the A1/C1 catecholaminergic cell groups.
Moderate labeling was present in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the medullary lateral reticular nucleus, whereas few positive cells were found in the ventral portion of the medullary reticular nucleus and Rexed laminae III-V and X.
Contralateral labelling was concentrated ventrolaterally around the lateral reticular nucleus and dorsally near the nucleus of the solitary tract..
Other important somatostatinergic afferents into the medial preoptic nucleus originate in the cuneiform area, the dorsal parabrachial nucleus and in the lateral reticular nucleus (37% together).
We attempted to find out the role of alpha 2-adrenoceptors of the medullary lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) in antinociception in rats.
Cellular localization of delta receptor mRNA varied from mu or kappa, with expression in such regions as the olfactory bulb, allo- and neocortex, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, ventromedial hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, red nucleus, pontine nuclei, reticulotegmental nucleus, motor and spinal trigeminal, linear nucleus of the medulla, lateral reticular nucleus, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia.
Strongly type I immunopositive cells include: all cerebellar Purkinje cells; pyramidal cells of the nucleus medialis, electrosensory lateral line lobe and tectum; pacemaker relay cells; Mauthner neurons; lateral line ganglion cells; cells of the inferior olive; and large neurons of the reticular formation and lateral reticular nucleus.
A high density of immunoreactive fibers was observed in the substantia nigra, the nucleus ruber, the superior and inferior colliculi, the periaqueductal gray, the interpeduncular nucleus, the central, magnocellular and lateral tegmental fields, the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, the postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, the inferior olive, the internal division of the lateral reticular nucleus and the medial and lateral nuclei of the superior olive. Other brainstem regions such as the area postrema, the external division of the lateral reticular nucleus, the nucleus ambiguus, the nucleus intercalatus, the nucleus incertus, the pyramidal tract and the trapezoid body had the lowest density of immunoreactive fibers..
These barosensitive neurons were found mainly at the level of the obex, between the lateral reticular nucleus and the nucleus ambiguus.
Retrogradely labeled neurons were also consistently found in the nucleus of the solitary tract, in the vicinity of the lateral reticular nucleus, nucleus paragigantocellularis, parabrachial nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, raphe nucleus and zona incerta.
The intense oxidase reactions were present in the red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei, vestibular nuclei, nuclei of posterior funiculus, nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, lateral reticular nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, and hypoglossal nucleus.
A moderate density of immunoreactive fibers was observed in the periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus, marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum and below the facial nucleus, whereas a low density of such fibers was found in the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus, pericentral nucleus of the inferior colliculus, nucleus incertus, medial division of the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, accessory dorsal tegmental nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, lateral tegmental field, postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, pericentral division of the dorsal tegmental nucleus, infratrigeminal nucleus, medial nucleus of the solitary tract, spinal trigeminal tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and in the lateral reticular nucleus.
Rubral axons sparsely innervate the lateral cerebellar nucleus and project heavily to the lateral reticular nucleus. These prominent, recurrent loops among the lateral cerebellar nucleus, red nucleus, and lateral reticular nucleus constitute the turtle rubrocerebellar limb premotor network. These sites project bilaterally to the lateral reticular nucleus.
The densest stained cells included the pyramidal and hilar neurons of the CA3 region of the hippocampus, Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, supraoptic and magnocellular paraventricular neurons of the hypothalamus, inferior olive, red nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, peripheral dorsal cochlear nucleus, and motor nuclei of the lower brainstem and spinal cord.
A moderate or low density of immunoreactive cell bodies was observed in the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus, pericentral nucleus of the inferior colliculus, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and in the external division of the lateral reticular nucleus.
Medium-sized ventral respiratory group neurons (length = 26 +/- 5 microns, width = 18 +/- 4 microns, area = 377 +/- 141 microns2; n = 5) were found in the vicinity of the nucleus ambiguus dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus.
Seven areas were labeled: the nucleus tractus solitarii, the area postrema, the subnucleus lateralis caudalis magnocellularis medullar oblongata, the lateral reticular nucleus, the ambiguus nucleus, the dorsal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the nucleus reticularis lateralis, the lateral border of the external cuneatus nucleus, the medial part of the inferior olivary nucleus (subnucleus beta).
Degenerative serotonergic fibers characterized by droplet-like swelling and intense staining by serotonin antiserum were detected in the following discrete areas, e.g., medial forebrain bundle (MFB), cingulate cortex, septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca (DBB), lateral preoptic area, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, perifornical area, stria-terminals, raphe nuclei, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal gray lateral reticular nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract. These hyperinnervation patterns of regenerative serotonergic fibers were observed in the MFB, cingulate cortex, diagonal band of Broca, perifornical area, raphe nuclei, ventral tegmental area, motor trigeminal nucleus, facial nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, inferior olivary complex and hypoglossal nucleus.
Neurons projecting to the superficial dorsal horn were located in the dorsomedial part of the dorsal reticular nucleus ipsilaterally, the subnucleus commissuralis of the nucleus tractus solitarius bilaterally, and a region occupying the lateralmost part of the ventrolateral reticular formation between the lateral reticular nucleus and the caudal pole of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, pars caudalis, bilaterally.
Two days after colchicine treatment, galanin immuno-positive neurons were localized in the following areas: 1) raphe nuclei (magnus, pallidus and obscurus); 2) in various parts of the reticular formation, mainly in the territory of the catecholaminergic groups and in the peritrigeminal subdivision of the lateral reticular nucleus; 3) vagal nuclei (nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus ambiguous); 4) two cell groups at the ventral surface of the rostro-caudal middle portion of the medulla oblongata (they do not correspond to any known demarkated anatomical nuclei, but related to the chemosensitive medullary area); 5) in the gelatinous part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus.
Of these, 15 neurons projected to both the HYP and AMB and two projected to the lateral reticular nucleus as well.
The central pathway also terminated contralaterally in the lateral parabrachial nucleus, the facial nucleus, the trigeminal brainstem nuclear complex, the lateral reticular nucleus and the rostroventral reticular nucleus.
The lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) and afferents to the cerebellum are known to contain glutamate-like immunoreactive (Glu-LI) neurons and axons, respectively.
The superior vestibular nucleus (SV) and the medial vestibular nucleus (MV) receive projections exclusively from RPc and RGc, whereas the lateral reticular nucleus (LV) and the inferior vestibular nucleus (IV) receive additional projections from the remaining RF nuclei.
We have previously demonstrated that the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) sends a predominantly inhibitory projection to the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN); however, the pharmacology of this pathway is not known.
The brainstem origin of CRF-immunoreactive mossy fiber terminals was suggested by numerous CRF-immunoreactive perikarya located in the medial, lateral and descending vestibular nuclei, nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, nucleus x, paramedian reticular nucleus, gigantocellular reticular nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, and raphé nuclei.
Breakdown of the BBB with extravasation of albumin was seen after 6 h in the lateral reticular nucleus of the thalamus, the dorsolateral striatum, and in restricted areas of the cerebral cortex.
Medullary injections of Fluoro-Gold showed exclusive retrograde labeling of laminae I-III cells when the tracer filled a zone intermediate between the lateral tip of the lateral reticular nucleus and the spinal trigeminal nucleus, pars caudalis.
The densest clusters of perikarya containing the peptide were observed in the periaqueductal gray, inferior colliculus, postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, medial nucleus of the solitary tract and in the lateral reticular nucleus. A moderate density of immunoreactive fibers was found in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and in the postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe and a low density in the cuneiform nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse area, nucleus sagulum, inferior and superior central nuclei, lateral reticular nucleus and in the lateral and magnocellular tegmental fields..
The effects of stimulation of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) on responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons produced by formalin (5%, 50 microliters, sc) were investigated.
A few Fos-IR neurons were observed in the lateral reticular nucleus, dorsal medullary reticular nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, medial inferior olive, interfasciculus hypoglossi and paramedian rostral medulla.
Numerous studies have shown that the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), located in the caudal ventrolateral medulla, is an important nuclear region in the descending analgesia system.
The principal peptidergic input to the zona incerta was from dynorphin neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract, bombesin neurons in the lateral reticular nucleus, calcitonin gene-related peptide and cholecystokinin neurons in the dorsal tegmentum, substance P, bombesin and galanin neurons in the locus coeruleus, dynorphin and substance P neurons in the lateral periaqueductal grey and cholecystokinin neurons in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental nucleus and raphe linearis. A lesser, but significant peptidergic input to the thalamus and zona incerta also arose from the trigeminal nucleus, the substantia nigra, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the lateral reticular nucleus, the interpeduncular nucleus, the raphe linearis, the paragigantocellularis, the inferior olive and ventral tegmental area.
Cerebellar nucleus injections revealed light retrograde and dense terminal label in the contralateral red nucleus, together with retrograde label in a cell cluster in the ipsilateral ventrolateral medullary reticular formation, an area we identify as the lateral reticular nucleus. These results identify prominent recurrent projections between the lateral cerebellar nucleus, red nucleus and lateral reticular nucleus, in addition to revealing other features of the cerebellorubral circuit..
the pretectum and rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus, iii) the parvocellular part of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, lateral reticular nucleus, ventral border region of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the medial vestibular and spinal vestibular nuclei, all of which lack established auditory projections, and iv) the brainstem sites where some Fos-labeled neurons were present in controls.
In the medulla, light to moderately densely labeled cells were scattered in the nucleus of Probst's bundle, the medial vestibular nucleus, the lateral reticular nucleus, and the raphe obscurus nucleus.
The present study is undertaken to investigate the effect of systemic morphine on neurons in the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) using extracellular recording techniques.
Fusiform cells were labeled in numbers similar to those observed previously after tracer injections into the two other targets of this neuronal type, the parabrachial nuclei and the lateral reticular nucleus.
The lesions principally involved the inferior olive nuclei, the lateral reticular nucleus, and, partially, the nucleus ambiguus.
Moreover, a high or moderate density of parvalbumin immunoreactive processes was visualized in the nucleus ruber, substantia nigra, superior and inferior colliculi, periaqueductal gray, nucleus sagulum, cuneiform nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, vestibular nuclei, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and in the lateral reticular nucleus.
In the rhombencephalon, labelling was seen in the nucleus of the lateral valvula, central gray, lateral tegmental nucleus, in boundary cells of the nucleus praeminentialis, efferent octavolateral nucleus, an area adjacent to the medial edge of the lateral reticular nucleus, nucleus medialis, and electrosensory lateral line lobe.
In the off-axis animals there was a significant labeling of neurons: in the inferior, medial, and y-group subnuclei of the vestibular complex; in subnuclei of the inferior olive, especially the dorsomedial cell column; in midbrain nuclei, including the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray; in autonomic centers including the solitary nucleus, area postrema, and locus coeruleus; and in reticular nuclei including the lateral reticular nucleus and the lateral parabrachial nucleus.
This study concerns the involvement of calbindin-D28K (CaBP28k)-containing neurons in ascending spinal projections to the brainstem (nucleus of the solitary tract, lateral reticular nucleus area), pontine (parabrachial area) and mesencephalic (periaqueductal grey) structures.
A double label technique revealed that CGRP-IR mossy fibers arise from neurons located in the lateral reticular nucleus, external cuneate nucleus, inferior vestibular nucleus, and basilar pons.
The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine on inhibition of C-fiber-evoked responses of dorsal horn neurons produced by electrical stimulation of the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) and the Locus coeruleus (LC) in the rat.
Moderate labeling was found in parabrachial nucleus, medullary lateral reticular nucleus and central gray. The number of labeled cells was greatly reduced within trigeminal nuclear complex, parabrachial nucleus and medullary lateral reticular nucleus, but not within the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema or ependyma when blood was injected into adult animals in which unmyelinated C-fibers were destroyed by neonatal capsaicin treatment.
At middle medullary levels, PNMT-ir neurons formed two distinct subgroups (dorsal and ventral) interrupted by a band of precerebellar relay neurons that extended between the medial and lateral limbs of the lateral reticular nucleus of Walberg.
In the brain stem of cats after colchicine treatment, ENK-LI was found in a majority of the 5-HT-IR cell bodies in the raphe nuclei (nucleus raphe magnus, pallidus and obscurus) and in the lateral reticular nucleus (rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus). In cat not pretreated with colchicine, a few weakly stained ENK-IR cell bodies could be found in the midline raphe nuclei and in the lateral reticular nucleus with the PAP technique. In the monkey brain stem without colchicine treatment, using the PAP technique, heavily stained ENK-IR cell bodies could be seen in the lateral reticular nucleus whereas, as in the cat, only a few, weakly stained ENK-IR cell bodies could be seen in the midline raphe nuclei. Using in situ hybridization technique, ENK mRNA expressing cells were demonstrated in the lateral reticular nucleus while no convincing mRNA signal could be found over cell bodies in the raphe nuclei.
In the hindbrain, 6B4 proteoglycan was highly expressed on the cerebellar Purkinje cells and Golgi cells, and at particular nuclei including the pontine nuclei and lateral reticular nucleus.
The organization of the afferent projections to the lateral reticular nucleus of the rat was investigated following placement of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated wheatgerm agglutinin into the red nucleus, fastigial nucleus, various levels of the spinal cord or the sensorimotor area of the cerebral cortex. The pattern of distribution of anterogradely labelled profiles visualized with tetramethylbenzidine revealed that the caudal three-fourths of the lateral reticular nucleus received a large, topographically organized projection from the entire length of the contralateral spinal cord. The lateral part of the rostral half of the lateral reticular nucleus received a small projection from the contralateral red nucleus, the dorsal part of the middle third of the nucleus received a diffuse projection from the contralateral fastigial nucleus, and the extreme rostromedial part of the nucleus received a sparse projection from the contralateral cerebral cortex. The dorsal part of the middle third of the lateral reticular nucleus also received a small projection from the ipsilateral cervical spinal cord. The distribution of afferent fibres from different levels of the spinal cord, red nucleus, and fastigial nucleus overlapped substantially in the middle third of the lateral reticular nucleus, whereas the cerebral cortical receiving area was separate. These data suggest that the middle third of the lateral reticular nucleus integrates spinal and supraspinal impulses to the cerebellum, while the rostral part of the nucleus is involved in a separate cerebral cortico-cerebellar pathway..
The data generated by these cell counts indicate that the strongest reticulocerebellar projections arise from the three specialized pre-cerebellar reticular nuclei: the lateral reticular nucleus, the medullary paramedian reticular nucleus, and the reticulotegmental nucleus.
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