Moderate staining occurred in the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, superficial layers of neocortex, periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens shell and tegmental nucleus. 
We found the connections normally described in the ZRDCT/An mouse between: (i) the inferior colliculus and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, (ii) V1 and the superior colliculus, (iii) the lateral posterior nucleus and V1 and between (iv) the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate nucleus.
The thalamic lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the hooded rat is regarded as a relay nucleus for the transmission of information from visuomotor-related structures such as the superior colliculus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) and substantia nigra, pars reticulata, to visual cortical areas as well as the striatum.
We report a sequential neuroimaging study in a 48-years-old man with a history of chronic hypertension and lacunar strokes involving the ventral lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
The lateral posterior nucleus and pulvinar (LP-pulvinar complex) are the principal thalamic nuclei associated with the elaborate development of the dorsal and ventral streams of the parietal cortex in primates.
Area PE sends a major projection terminating with small endings to the thalamic lateral posterior nucleus (LP), ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL), medial pulvinar (PuM) and, but fewer, to ventral lateral posterior nucleus, dorsal division (VLpd), central lateral nucleus (CL) and center median nucleus (CM), whereas giant endings formed restricted terminal fields in LP, VPL and PuM.
In cortex immediately caudal to area 1, what we term area 5, thalamocortical connections were also highly convergent and predominantly from nuclei of the thalamus associated with motor, visual, or somatic processing such as VL, the medial pulvinar (PM), and PA, respectively; with moderate projections from VP, central lateral nucleus (CL), lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and VPs.
Thus, immunoreactive fibers were found in nuclei close to the midline (centrum medianum/parafascicular complex), in the ventrolateral thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus, inferior pulvinar nucleus), and in the dorsolateral thalamus (lateral posterior nucleus, pulvinar nucleus).
Most notably, there were differences in local input to neurons that, based on analogy to barrel cortex, are likely to project only to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus versus those that are likely to also project to the lateral posterior nucleus.
We focused analysis on the largest subcortical targets of primary visual cortex: the superior colliculus (SC), the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (dLGN), and the lateral division of the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LPL).
In the lateral posterior nucleus, despite a reduction in mean cell size, there was not a significant change in either nuclear area or number of neurons in cases of moderately disabled, severely disabled or vegetative patients.
Corticothalamic projections terminated in the MGD, the SG, the ventral zone of the ventral division of the MG, the ventral margin of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and the caudodorsal part of the posterior thalamic nuclear group (Po).
Next, to examine efferent projections of auditory neurons in the rostral TRN, we injected wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into other thalamic nuclei where auditory neurons were detected, including the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), the lateral medial and suprageniculate nuclei and the centromedian nucleus.
Thus, we found immunoreactive fibers in the midline, in nuclei close to the midline (dorsomedial nucleus, centrum medianum/parafascicular complex), in the ventral region of the thalamus (ventral posteroinferior nucleus, ventral posteromedial nucleus), in the ventrolateral thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, inferior pulvinar nucleus) and in the dorsolateral thalamus (lateral posterior nucleus, pulvinar nucleus).
These new projections were found in the lateral posterior nucleus, the posterior limitans nucleus, the dorsal part of the anterior pretectal nucleus and the posterior and medial pretectal nuclei.
The lateral posterior nucleus (LPN) is innervated by two different morphological types of cortical terminals that originate from cortical layers V and VI.
In the SCA2 patient, additional obvious neuronal loss was observed in all nuclei of the anterior and rostral intra laminar groups, in the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), the lateral (PU l) and the medial subnuclei of the pulvinar (PU m), whereas in the SCA3 patient only two of the nuclei that belong to the anterior thalamic group, the VL, VPL, VPM, LP, LGB, PU l and PU m, displayed marked neurodegeneration.
We compared the ultrastructure and synaptic targets of terminals of cortical or retinal origin in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and lateral posterior nucleus (LPN).
We investigated the electrophysiological properties of relay cells in a higher-order thalamic nucleus using in vitro intracellular recordings from thalamic slices of the rat's lateral posterior nucleus (LPN).
Subtraction analysis revealed that lesions correlated with excellent outcomes necessarily involved the interface of the nucleus ventralis intermedius (Vim; also known as the ventral lateral posterior nucleus [ VLp]) and the nucleus ventrocaudalis (Vc; also known as the ventral posterior [ VP] nucleus).
Connections were also observed with the contralateral pretectal nucleus (PRT), the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and the ventral division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv).
In rats, ErbB4 expression was observed in the habenular nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus, intermediodorsal nucleus, the central medial thalamic nucleus, the posterior nucleus, the parafascicular nucleus, the subparafascicular nucleus, the suprageniculate nucleus, the posterior limitans nucleus, the medial part of the medial geniculate nucleus, the peripeduncular nucleus, the posterior intralaminar nucleus, the lateral subparafascicular nucleus, the lateral posterior nucleus, and all ventral thalamic nuclei.
We examined the synaptic targets of TRN terminals in the visual thalamus, including the A lamina of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN), the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and the pulvinar nucleus (PUL).
Post-training lesions of both the lateral geniculate body (LG) and lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the thalamus together, but not lesions of LG or LP alone, completely blocked the expression of fear-potentiated startle to a visual conditioned stimulus (CS) but not to an olfactory CS.
In contrast, the other main thalamic relay of visual information, the pulvinar (and lateral posterior nucleus in carnivores), is largely a higher-order relay, since much of it seems to relay information from one cortical area to another.
Extracellular single unit recordings were made in the medial and lateral ventroposterior nucleus, posterior thalamic nucleus, zona incerta, lateral posterior nucleus, laterodorsal nucleus, ventrolateral nucleus and reticular nucleus.
To understand how the interneuron-mediated inhibition in the thalamus is regulated, we studied the muscarinic effects on interneurons in the lateral posterior nucleus and lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
Caudal VLG projections innervate the lateral posterior nucleus, the anterior pretectal nucleus, the intermediate and deep gray of the superior colliculus, the dorsal terminal nucleus, the midbrain lateral tegmental field, the interpeduncular nucleus, the ventral pontine reticular formation, the medial and lateral pontine gray, the parabrachial region, and the accessory inferior olive.
The data indicate that, in comparison to the lateral posterior nucleus, the maturation of neurons within the dLGN and MIN is incomplete with respect to cell body size during the early postnatal period. The selective elimination of early cortical connections stemming from dorsal lateral geniculate laminae A and A1 and from the intermediate division of the lateral posterior nucleus may occur through a process of axon collateral withdrawal from the expanded cortical sites, thereby giving rise to the adult pattern..
The lesions were located within the pulvinar, the sensory nuclei, the mediodorsal nucleus, and the ventral lateral posterior nucleus (according to the classification of Hirai and Jones), the latter including the ventral intermediate nucleus (Vim according to the classification of Hassler).
Tremor-locked units were confined to the ventral division of the ventral lateral posterior nucleus (35.4%).
The giant GABAergic endings were found in all dorsal division nuclei and in thalamic visual nuclei such as the lateral posterior nucleus.
BNOS-stained cells were found consistently in the C laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the pulvinar nucleus, and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
Thalamic labeling after cFr2 injections was present in anteromedial nucleus (AM), ventrolateral nucleus (VL), lateral segment, mediodorsal nucleus (MDl), centrolateral nucleus (CL), ventromedial nucleus (VM), posterior nucleus (Po) and lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
From PND11 to PND16, thionin facilitates parcellation by extensive staining of dendritic processes of MGd, MGm, and lateral posterior nucleus neurons but not neurons of the MGv or the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
One hundred and eight of 190 GN neurons were also antidromically activated following electrical stimulation of the ventro-lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
Electron microscopic anterograde autoradiography has been used to analyze the morphology and postsynaptic relationships of area 17 cortical terminals in the lateral division of the lateral posterior nucleus (LPl) of the cat and medial division of the inferior pulvinar nucleus (IPm) of the owl monkey.
We have investigated the possibility that the striate-recipient zone of the lateral posterior nucleus-pulvinar complex may be responsible for the spatial (and temporal) frequency processing in posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex since these two regions establish strong bidirectional connections and share many visual properties. Visual responses in suprasylvian cortex were recorded before, during, and after the deactivation of the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus accomplished by the injection of lidocaine or GABA. Out of this number, 11 units were affected by the deactivation of the lateral part of lateral posterior nucleus and one cell, by the blockade of pulvinar. In addition, there were no significant differences between the low- and high cut-off spatial frequency values computed before and after the deactivation of the lateral posterior nucleus. Deactivating the lateral posterior nucleus did not modify the direction selectivity nor the organization of the subregions of the lateral suprasylvian cortex "classical" receptive fields. The absence of strong changes in posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex cell response properties following the functional blockade of the lateral posterior nucleus suggests that the projections from this part of the thalamus are not essential to generate the spatial characteristics of most posteromedial lateral suprasylvian cortex receptive fields. On the other hand, it is possible that the lateral posterior nucleus lateral suprasylvian cortex loop may be involved in other functions such as the analysis of complex motion as suggested by the findings from our and other groups..
We provide experimental evidence for such dominant inhibition in the lateral posterior nucleus.
Type II TRN cells most likely function as recurrent inhibitory interneurons for the lateral posterior nucleus-pulvinar complex (LP) because they could be activated antidromically by LP stimulation and orthodromically activated via axonal collaterals of LP cells.
Predominant PV immunostaining characterizes primary somatosensory, visual and auditory nuclei, the ventral lateral posterior nucleus, reticular nucleus (R), and to a lesser degree also, lateral part of the centre median nucleus, and anterior, lateral, and inferior divisions of the pulvinar complex.
To discern the completion of these projections, Fluoro Gold, an opalescent fluorescent dye, was injected into the dorsal lateral geniculate and/or the lateral posterior nucleus in rats of various ages from neonates to adults. Most (over 90%) of them project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; 2) A population of large neurons (the presumed wide-field vertical cells) express calbindin-D 28 K on postnatal day 7, and most of them (over 90%) project to the lateral posterior nucleus; 3) Another population of medium-sized neurons (the presumed narrow-field cells) express parvalbumin on post-natal day 17, but only a half (45%) of them project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
We have examined the morphology of afferent endings that originate in three distinct cell groups and terminate in the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP).
Neonatal tectal lesions in hamsters result in the elimination of a major central target of retinal axons, massively denervate the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP), and lead to a marked increase of the retino-LP projection.
Isolated clusters of stained neurons were also observed in the lateral posterior nucleus, in the dorsal part of the medial geniculate nucleus, and in the ventromedial nucleus.
Thalamic projections from Te2 targeted the lateral posterior nucleus, the dorsal part of the dorsal subnucleus of the medial geniculate complex, and the peripeduncular nucleus.
To determine if labeled cells in the dense band were also projection neurons, WGA-HRP was injected into the lateral posterior nucleus and these sections were double-labeled with the glutamate antibody.
Quantitative analysis revealed that 90.8 +/- 2.2% (mean +/- standard deviation) of the calbindin-immunoreactive neurons in the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) projected to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and that 91.3 +/- 4.3% of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons in the stratum opticum (SO) projected to the lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
The hypothesis that excessive stimulation of the lateral posterior nucleus by daily training in a radial maze may have facilitated the necrosis was supported by the inverse relationship between a linear combination of the numbers of normal neurons and oligodendroglia and the rate of learning during the earlier but not the later sessions.
Pre-embedding immunogold histochemistry was combined with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tract tracing in order to analyse the relationship between the subcellular localization of the GluR1a metabotropic glutamate receptors and the distribution of corticothalamic synapses in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the rat. The injection of the tracer into area 17 labelled two types of corticothalamic terminals: (i) the small boutons constituting the majority of the labelled fibres which form asymmetrical synapses both in the dLGN and LP; and (ii) the giant terminals typically participating in glomerulus-like synaptic arrangements and found exclusively in the lateral posterior nucleus. In contrast, the synapses formed by giant boutons in the lateral posterior nucleus were always mGluR1a-immunonegative.
Following the injection of biocytin, in the ascending projections, labeled terminals were seen mainly in the caudal portion of the nucleus of the optic tract, the nucleus of the posterior commissure, the posterior pretectal nucleus, the olivary pretectal nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation at the level of the oculomotor nucleus, and the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus on the ipsilateral side.
The morphology and synaptic organization of the corticothalamic (CT) fibres from area 17 were studied in the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the thalamus in cats.
We have studied the response properties of cells in the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus or striate-recipient zone (LPl) of the lateral posterior nucleus-pulvinar complex to the motion of textured patterns [ visual noise]. This study provides additional evidence that the lateral posterior nucleus-pulvinar complex may be involved in many aspects of visual processing..
This study examines this issue by injecting neuronal tracers into various nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, medial geniculate complex, ventroposteromedial nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus, posterior thalamic nucleus) and into different areas of the neocortex (somatosensory, visual, auditory).
(2) Cells of the lower part of lamina VI projected to the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus and they also sent collaterals to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus where they participated in the formation of rods.
Retrograde labeling of the polymodal zones indicated that they receive parallel thalamocortical projections primarily from non-specific auditory and visual thalamic nuclei including the medial and dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate nucleus (MGm and MGd), the suprageniculate nucleus (SGN), and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
Pattern elevated 2-DG uptake in the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, in the lateral posterior nucleus, and in area 17, but was less effective at the high than at the low light intensity.
In the thalamus of the intact cat, the greatest number of labeled neurons are located in the lateral division of the lateral posterior nucleus and there are intermediate numbers in the medial division of the lateral posterior nucleus (LPm); and smaller numbers within the medial interlaminar nucleus, the C-complex of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), the geniculate wing, and the pulvinar nucleus.
Response properties of 180 pyramidal neurons (11 layer II, 66 layer III, 7 layer IV, 76 layer V and 20 layer VI neurons) in the cat parietal cortex (areas 5 and 7) were examined intracellularly with stimulations of the cerebellar nucleus (CN), the thalamic ventroanterior nucleus (VA) and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) under pentobarbital anesthesia.
Long-Evans hooded rats received unilateral pressure injections of the retrograde tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase in either the dorsal lateral geniculate, ventral lateral geniculate, or lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus; superior colliculus, cortical area 17, cortical area 18a/b; cerebellar vermis (lobules VI and VII); or paraflocculus.
Retrogradely labeled cells were found mainly in ipsilateral areas 17, 18 and 19, the pulvinar, the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP) and the contralateral LS area.
The projection from the rat's superior colliculus (SC) to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP) has previously been described as arising from a morphologically homogeneous population of neurons in the stratum opticum (SO). The lateral posterior nucleus contained numerous CBD-IR cells and fibers throughout its extent and it was thus difficult to determine the extent to which the extra-perikaryal CBD-IR in this nucleus was dependent upon the tecto-LP pathway.
For example, the neuropil of several thalamic nuclei (i.e., dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus, ventroposterior nucleus), cerebral cortex, upper layers of the superior colliculus and matrix zones of the neostriatum, were strongly immunoreactive, while the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, optic tract and internal capsule were devoid of staining.
The mediorostral lateral posterior nucleus, subparafascicular, lateral geniculate and habenular nuclei also contained calretinin messenger RNA probe label.
The footshock led to an increase in the interaction of the two main subsystems at the level of connections between primary visual cortex and the lateral posterior nucleus, and a descending negative influence from the secondary visual cortex became dominant.
In thalamus, the radioactivity was heterogeneously distributed, the highest amounts being in the lateral posterior nucleus.
In an effort to determine whether this change reflected differential transneuronal degeneration of these cell types or alterations in the dendritic arbors of surviving cells, this study re-examined this issue by restricting the analysis to a specific and relatively homogeneous subpopulation of superficial layer neurons, those that project to the lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
These cells surround the primordium of the medial geniculate body, participating in the constitution of its marginal zone, and invade the lateral posterior nucleus, accumulating within its caudomedial part.
Retrogradely labeled neurons were present in the lateral posterior nucleus, posterior nucleus of Rioch, pulvinar, and medial interlaminar nucleus, as well as in the LGN, at all ages studied.
As in normal adult cats, retrograde labeling also was present in the C layers of the LGN, the medial interlaminar nucleus, the posterior nucleus of Rioch, the lateral posterior nucleus, and the pulvinar nucleus ipsilateral to a neonatal or adult lesion.
Second, in the lateral posterior nucleus and primary visual cortex, the footshock led to significant enhancement of the metabolic responses to the patterned light.
This staining was demonstrated to be confined entirely within the medial division of the lateral posterior nucleus, which is considered to be the principal tectorecipient zone of the extrageniculate visual thalamus.
Virtually no CaBP neurons were retrogradely labeled after injections of HRP into the predorsal bundle and dorsolateral midbrain tegmentum or into the lateral posterior nucleus.
The distribution of afferents from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) and the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) and of cell bodies projecting to these nuclei has been studied in the visual cortex of the wallaby (Macropus eugenii) throughout development to determine how the characteristic laminar distribution of afferents and efferents of the mature cortex is achieved.
It has been demonstrated that a dorsal part of the pulvinar (PL) and a dorsal part of the caudal area of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) projected mostly to the middle suprasylvian gyrus (MSSG), while a ventral part of PL and a ventral part of the rostral area of LP--to the rostral suprasylvian gyrus (RSSG).
The projections from the lateral (LPl), intermediate (LPi) and medial (LPm) subdivisions of the cat lateral posterior nucleus (n.
We found that unilateral eye removal produced a progressive increase in fibrous substance P immunoreactivity in the nucleus of the optic tract, lateral posterior nucleus, and lateral geniculate nucleus of the side contralateral to the enucleation. On the other hand, unilateral lesions to the superficial layers of the superior colliculus produced a dramatic reduction in substance P immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral nucleus of the optic tract, lateral posterior nucleus, and dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei. In bilaterally enucleated animals, unilateral lesion to the superior colliculus produced, as expected, loss of immunoreactive fibers only in the lateral posterior nucleus and the retinorecipient nuclei ipsilateral to the lesion. These results suggest that transneuronal changes in the distribution of substance P in collicular neurons observed after enucleation could be reflected in their projections to the other primary visual centers and to the lateral posterior nucleus..
The results indicate that: 1) each of the areas has a distinct pattern of distribution of afferent neurons in the ipsilateral visual thalamus - area 17 receives its principal thalamic input from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the caudal parts of areas 18a and 18b receive a major thalamic input from the lateral posterior nucleus and a minor input from the posterior nucleus, while the rostral parts of areas 18a and 18b receive a major input from the posterior nucleus, and a minor projection from the lateral posterior nucleus; 2) the rostral and caudal parts of areas 18a and 18b each receive an associational input from area 17; 3) the rostral parts of areas 18a and 18b each receive associational input from three different extrastriate regions, the caudal part of the same extrastriate area, and the rostral and caudal parts of the other extrastriate area, whereas the caudal parts of areas 18a and 18b receive associational inputs only from one or two extrastriate regions; 4) area 17, area 18b and rostral area 18a each receive a substantial associational input from lamina V of the caudal part of the frontal eye field (FEF) in the motor cortex; however the input from the FEF to caudal area 18a (if present) is very small; 5) The extrastriate areas studied receive associational input from the restrosplenial cingulate area 29d; however, the input from area 29d to area 17 appears to be very small.
The superficial layers of the cat's superior colliculus innervate the medial subdivision of the thalamic lateral posterior nucleus (LPm).
In the present study, many neurones in the principal visual thalamic relay nuclei, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLG) and to a lesser extent those in the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) were destroyed by injections of the neurotoxin - kainic acid - on the first day of postnatal life.
Corticogeniculate axons are first detected in the geniculate and lateral posterior nucleus at 48 days after birth, while corticocollicular axons first reach the superior colliculus at 71 days and, by 81 days, have innervated the superficial layers.
In Syrian hamsters, mature retinal terminals contain only low levels of the growth-associated protein, GAP-43, whereas the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the thalamus contains high levels of this protein.
On P3 and P4, 30 h after tracer was deposited in the cortex, The HRP reaction product was observed in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body and in the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, but no labeled axons were observed in the ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate body (LGBv) until P5.
In immature material, both dendritic processes and somata in the MGd stain for Nissl with our protocol; many of these cells show a stellate arborization pattern that distinguishes this region from the MGv, but is similar to the staining pattern of immature neurons of the lateral posterior nucleus.
The aberrant projection was traced radioautographically to the tectorecipient zone of the lateral posterior nucleus after an injection of tritiated amino acid in the parabigeminal nucleus. Lesions extending toward the anomalous terminal field in the lateral posterior nucleus, however, prevented the survival of a normal number of neurons in the parabigeminal nucleus. When the unilateral tectal ablation was made together with a lesion of the ipsilateral posterior neocortex that produced cell loss in the thalamus, the number of neurons remaining in the middle division of the contralateral parabigeminal were linearly related to the cell content of the lateral posterior nucleus. We conclude that the anomalous target in the tectorecipient zone of the lateral posterior nucleus effectively replaces the normal projection field in the superior colliculus, with regard to the trophic requirements for neuronal survival during development of the parabigeminal nucleus..
Injections in AL and AST produced retrograde transport to neurons in the medial division of the medial geniculate body (MGM), PIN, suprageniculate nucleus (SG) and, to a lesser extent, the lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
The present experiments showed that there is a cortico-thalamo-cortical projection system in the cat, which originates from the primary visual cortex, relayed by the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and reaching the medial bank of the lateral suprasylvian visual area.
Contralateral input only was observed in the lateral posterior nucleus.
The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between the precruciate cortex (PreCtx) and the ventral lateral posterior nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus in the mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia.
Neurons belonging only to first two groups were found in the lateral posterior nucleus.
The common reciprocal connections were found in the ventral anterior-ventral lateral complex, principal ventromedial nucleus, rostral intralaminar nuclei, centromedian-parafascicular complex, lateral posterior nucleus, and suprageniculate nucleus.
This zone is in the lateral section of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP1).
The densities of both subtypes of beta-adrenergic receptors increased in the hippocampus, the cerebellum, the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and the dorsal lateral geniculate..
Pathway tracing studies using horseradish peroxidase showed that these responses are transmitted to the cortex via the superior colliculus, the lateral division of the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and possibly the medial portion of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
Presence of a projection containing adenosine deaminase (ADA)-like immunoreactivity from the stratum opticum (SO) to the dorsomedial portion of the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LPN) of the rat was demonstrated using a method combining retrograde tracing by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and immunohistochemistry for ADA. Injection of HRP into the lateral posterior nucleus labeled many neurons in the medial portion of the SO where medium-sized neurons with ADA immunoreactivity were concentrated.
The dorsal division consists of the dorsal nuclei, including the suprageniculate nucleus and the caudal part of the lateral posterior nucleus, the marginal zone, and the posterior limitans nucleus.
Intracellular recording, antidromic activation, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection techniques were employed to characterize the receptive-field properties and morphology of the superior collicular (SC) neurons in the hamster that projected to the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) or the dorsal lateral geniculate body (LGNd).
Long OT latencies (5.2-15.3 ms) and selective excitation from area 18a were peculiar to L-type cells, which showed antidromic responses to the lateral posterior nucleus stimulation.
The depression was most evident in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the lateral posterior nucleus and the superior colliculus.
In the thalamus, the projections to the lateral posterior nucleus were expanded in area and increased in density.
The connections of the posterior part of the medial prefrontal cortex with the thalamic lateral posterior nucleus in rats were studied using anterograde and retrograde axonal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) and tritiated leucine. After injections of WGA-HRP into the medial prefrontal cortex, an area confirmed to receive direct projections from the visual cortex, retrogradely labeled neurons were observed ipsilaterally in the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, as well as in the mediodorsal, anteromedial, ventromedial, ventrolateral, laterodorsal, centrolateral, paracentral, rhomboid, parafascicular and posterior nuclei. In the lateral posterior nucleus, the labeled cells were located mainly in the lateroventral portion of its anterior half.
In agreement with previous reports we found abnormal projections in the ventral nucleus of the lateral geniculate body (LGv), in the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the thalamus, and in the left SC (the 'recrossing' pathway).
The aim of the present study was to examine the role of the crossed and uncrossed retina-superior colliculus-lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus-visual cortex pathway in mediation of original learning and relearning of OEBs in comparison with OETs. Based on these findings it was suggested that enhanced functioning of the uncrossed retina-superior colliculus-lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus-visual cortex pathway in original learning plays an indispensable role in enabling OEBs to relearn the discrimination task faster than OETs..
The proportion of diverging neurons expressed as the percentage of the total number of neurons projecting to areas 17 and 18 was 3% in the A-laminae of the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus, about 8% in the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area, and about 15% in the C-laminae of the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus, in the medial interlaminar nucleus, in the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus, and in the claustrum.
The neuropil staining appears particularly dense in the nuclei parataenialis, periventricularis, centralis medialis, reuniens, rhomboideus, habenularis lateralis, centrum medianum, parafascicularis, subparafascicularis, submedius, dorsal and ventral parts of the lateral geniculate body, the dorsal part of the medial geniculate body, the posterior complex, suprageniculate nucleus, pulvinar and parts of the lateral posterior nucleus.
Both these enzymatic stains reveal particularly sharp boundaries separating the mechanoresponsive region, from the lateral posterior nucleus dorsally and from the ventroposterior inferior nucleus ventrally.
At birth, the projection is present, and fibres of the projection terminate in the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus. These findings suggest that striate cortical neurones projecting onto the lateral posterior nucleus rapidly complete the final stages of their maturation shortly after the normal opening of the eyelids, and during this time some of these neurones undergo axonal elimination or neuronal death, or both..
The only abnormality noted was an increased projection to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus in rats exposed to MAM Ac on embryonic day 15.
Acetylcholinesterase staining and double labeling techniques were used to study the subdivision of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the thalamus in newborn kittens.
By far the heaviest thalamic projection originates from a relatively lateral portion of the lateral posterior nucleus (the presumed LPl).
The lateral posterior nucleus of the operated hamsters also receives an anomalously large retinal projection.
Of the thalamic nuclei that project to the parahippocampal cortex, the nucleus reuniens is only connected with the entorhinal cortex, while fibers from the medial geniculate nucleus and the lateral posterior nucleus terminate in the perirhinal cortex.
Area 17 and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) visual cortex receive inputs from three thalamic nuclei in common: the lateral division of the lateral posterior nucleus (LPl), the C-laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd), and the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN).
Neuronal responses of the thalamic lateral posterior nucleus to single electrical shocks applied to radial, sciatic and splanchnic nerves, were studied in anesthetized immobilized cats.
Intracellular recording and horseradish peroxidase injection techniques were used to structurally and functionally characterize the striate cortical neurons in hamster that projected to the superior colliculus and/or lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. With two exceptions, the receptive field properties and morphological characteristics of the neurons antidromically activated from the colliculus and lateral posterior nucleus were quite similar. The electrophysiological experiments also demonstrated that some (50% of a sample of 20 cells) corticotectal neurons also sent an axon collateral to the lateral posterior nucleus. Finally, our recordings showed that many (56% of a sample of 27 neurons) cells which could be antidromically activated from the lateral posterior nucleus, but not the superior colliculus had response latencies which exceeded those of almost all the cells which could be antidromically activated from the tectum. Retrograde transport of diamidino yellow and true blue confirmed the electrophysiological result that individual cortical neurons projected to both the superior colliculus and lateral posterior nucleus. These experiments showed that 20% of the striate cortical cells that projected into colliculus also sent an axon collateral to the lateral posterior nucleus..
Then they underwent bilateral electrolytic lesions restricted to the pulvinar nucleus (4 cats) or to the lateral posterior nucleus (4 cats).
Evidence from injection sites that extended from area 2 into areas 5 and 7, and from injection sites in area 5, indicates that the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) projects to rostral areas 5 and 7.
Metabolic depression followed by recovery to near-normal resting levels of activity was seen contralateral to the enucleation in the superior colliculus and the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (primary effects), and in the lateral posterior nucleus, in layer IV, and the infragranular layers of visual cortex (secondary effects).
The anterograde and retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin congugated to horseradish peroxidase was used to examine the laminar organization of cortical connections with the two visual zones that comprise the cat's lateral posterior nucleus. Microelectrophoretic deposits of the tracer into the principal tecto-recipient zone in the medial division of the lateral posterior nucleus revealed reciprocal connections with the following cortical fields: areas 19 and 21a, the medial and lateral banks of the middle suprasylvian sulcus, and the dorsal and ventral banks of the lateral suprasylvian sulcus, which correspond to the dorsal lateral suprasylvian and ventral lateral suprasylvian visual areas of Palmer et al. Deposits of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase confined to the striate-recipient zone in the lateral portion of the lateral posterior nucleus resulted in cortical label in areas 17, 18, 19, 20a and b, 21a, the medial and lateral banks of the middle suprasylvian sulcus, the posterior suprasylvian sulcus and in the fundus of the splenial sulcus. In all cortical areas other than 17 and 18, the laminar distribution of label was the same as that found after deposits of the tracer into the medial division of the lateral posterior nucleus. Conversely, all other visual areas of the cortex share a common pattern of reciprocal connections with both the tecto- and striate-recipient zones of the lateral posterior nucleus..
In these experiments the following results are shown: 1) Electrical stimulation of the pulvinar-lateral posterior nucleus complex (P-LP) evokes a contralateral turning of the head accompanied by similar directional rotation of both eyes, most of them of the saccadic type.
Nine (64%) of them were also activated antidromically from the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
Projections to four monocular visual areas--lateral posterior nucleus, dorsal terminal nucleus, lateral terminal nucleus, and nucleus of the optic tract--are established later than binocular visual areas, except the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
After injections in areas 18 and 19, numerous double-labelled cells were observed in laminae C of the LGN, in the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN), the posterior nucleus (PN), and the lateral part of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), in the retinorecipient zone of the pulvinar (RRZ-Pul), the intralaminar nuclei (ILN), and the claustrum.
In the opossum, GAD neurons are chiefly confined to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the lateral extremity of the lateral posterior nucleus.
A series of anatomical (autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase, HRP) and electrophysiological experiments were carried out to determine the organization of the pathway from the superior colliculus (SC) to the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) in the hamster.
Injections of horseradish peroxidase into the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the rat thalamus resulted in retrograde labeling of neurons in the superior colliculus (SC).
Both bundles course along and through terminal fields found in the lateral posterior nucleus. The striate cortical projections cover approximately the lateral two-thirds of the lateral posterior nucleus, overlapping a small retinal terminal field, and naso-temporal axes in the visual field are represented onto the cortico-recipient zone in a mirror-symmetric direction to that of the adjoining DLGN.
The lateral division of the lateral posterior nucleus projects to areas 17, 18, 19, 20a, 20b, 21a, 21b, and the anterior medial (AMLS), posterior medial (PMLS), and ventral (VLS) lateral suprasylvian areas. The medial division of the lateral posterior nucleus projects to areas AMLS, PMLS, VLS, and the anterior lateral (ALLS), posterior lateral (PLLS), dorsal (DLS) lateral suprasylvian areas, and the posterior suprasylvian areas.
In normal hamsters, somatosensory cells comprise 23% of all the units recorded in the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and such cells tended to be clustered in the ventral part of this nucleus.
Lighter label was also present in the lateral part of the cytoarchitectonically distinct VL region bordering the ventrobasal complex (VB), as well as in the ventrolateral part of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD), and in the lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
A smaller number of labeled neurons was found in the ventral part of the lateral posterior nucleus, and ventralis anterior, ventralis lateralis, medialis dorsalis and intralaminar nuclei.
Neurons affected by striate stimulation were found in the caudal region of the complex in a region that extended widely into the medial part of the lateralis posterior nucleus (LPm), the so-called tectorecipient part of the lateral posterior nucleus.
In addition, we found evidence of reciprocal connections between the lateral posterior nucleus and area 17, and between the lateral nucleus and areas 17 and 18a.
Subcortical projections of MT included the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, the lateral posterior nucleus, the superior pulvinar, the inferior pulvinar, the superior colliculus, and the pontine nuclei.
The lateral posterior nucleus (LPN) was similarly demonstrated to project to both striate and occipital cortices, the projection terminating principally in lamina IV of occipital cortex, lamina V of striate cortex, and layer I over a large, continuous area of the posterior pole of the cortex.
An aberrant retinal projection to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus was found only in animals operated at 0 and 3 days of age. There was a conspicuous projection to the lateral posterior nucleus in animals of 0 and 3 days of age, but in the 5-day-old rat the retinal projection to the lateral posterior nucleus was very small and similar to the adult pattern. In addition, the tectal lesion removes a major tectal input to the lateral posterior nucleus and, if carried out within the first few days, leads to the preservation of the normally transient retinal projection to the lateral posterior nucleus, presumably by reducing competition between axon terminals..
In th same brains, alternative terminal space for the retinofugal axons was made available in auditory (medical geniculate) or somatosensory (ventrobasal)thalamic nuclei by lesions of ascending auditory or somatosensory pathways, respectively; additional terminal space was made in the lateral posterior nucleus by degeneration of afferents from the superior colliculus.
We have studied the laminar position, morphology, and synaptic relationships of neurons in the cat superior colliculus which project to the interadjacent division of the lateral posterior nucleus (LPi), using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Electron microscope analysis confirmed that neurons projecting to the lateral posterior nucleus are a morphologically diverse group.
(ii) The superior colliculus receives information from the retina up to at least 0.7 cycles/deg, which it then relays to extrastriate visual cortex, probably via the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus.
We have studied the normal organization of the hamster lateral posterior nucleus and its reorganization after neonatal superior colliculus lesions. First, we divided the lateral posterior nucleus into rostrolateral, rostromedial and caudal subdivisions and determined the normal distributions of terminals contributed to each division by the ipsilateral and contralateral superior colliculi, the ipsilateral posterior neocortex and the contralateral retina. In contrast the cortical projection, which normally extends throughout the lateral posterior nucleus, is reduced in the region containing retinal terminals. The results suggested that the afferents to the lateral posterior nucleus normally compete for synaptic space and that this competition continues after a neonatal colliculus lesion.
Layer V pyramidal cells in cortical areas 17 and 18a were found to project to the rostral portion of the lateral posterior nucleus (LTP) (the cortico-recipient zone).
Cortical area 5b projects primarily to the rostral portions of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP).
The efferent and afferent connections of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the albino rat were investigated light microscopically with the silver-degeneration-methods and the HRP-methods as well.
The difference in the effects of the two lesions suggested that the rats with striate ablation were using information about spatial contrast that was relayed either by spared remnants of the geniculo-cortical pathway, or by the pathway from superior colliculus to prestriate cortex via the lateral posterior nucleus.
The lateral geniculate nucleus projects only to cortical area 17, while a lateral sector of the lateral posterior nucleus sends afferents both to area 17 and 18. Area 19 receives input from the lateral intermediate nucleus; the caudomedial sector of the lateral posterior nucleus projects to the anterior and posterolateral areas of cortex.
In all animals examined, the majority of labeled cells were observed in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and in the lateral posterior nucleus.
After a neonatal lesion of the ipsilateral superior colliculus, the projections to the lateral posterior nucleus from the contralateral superior colliculus and retina expand their terminal fields until they share a common border. Our results support the hypotheses that the projections from the ipsilateral and contralateral superior colliculi and the retina compete for synaptic space in the lateral posterior nucleus, and that a similar competition between the retinal and cortical projections may also occur..
The reorganization of the adult hamster's lateral posterior nucleus after neonatal superior colliculus lesions was studied using primarily light and electron microscopic degeneration techniques.
As a first step in analyzing the influence of various afferent projections on the development of the hamster lateral posterior nucleus, its normal organization was studied using both light and electron microscopic techniques. These results indicate that a large neonatal superior colliculus lesion would eliminate the vast majority of the M-terminals in the synaptic clusters of the ipsilateral lateral posterior nucleus.
It is shown that afferent impulses from relay nuclei, lateral posterior nucleus and motor cortex converged to some R and VA neurons responding to CM..
These are (1) dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd), (2) ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, (3) lateral posterior nucleus, (4) pretectum, (5) superior colliculus, (6) hypothalamus and (7) accessory optic system.
Other subcortical targets of one or more visual cortical areas were the basal ganglia, claustrum, zona incerta, one or more of the intralaminar nuclei, lateral posterior nucleus, pregeniculate nucleus, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, and pontine nuclei.
Many labelled cells were also found in other posterior thalamic nuclei especially in the lateral posterior nucleus which in normal animals contain very few or no labelled cells..
Atypical optic projections are found to the lateral posterior nucleus and the NOT on the side of the lesion.
Following removal of striate cortex there was a small aberrant pathway to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP) and possibly to the pretectum.
The lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP) projects to area 18a and weakly to area 17.
Terminations were also seen in the lateral posterior nucleus, a part of the thalamus associated with the somatosensory system. These results further identify Area DM as an integral part of the visual system, suggest functional subdivisions of the pulvinar complex, and implicate the lateral posterior nucleus in the mediation of visual, as well as somatosensory, behavior..
Following injections into area 17, labeled cells were also found in the lateral posterior nucleus. Injections of peristriate cortex produced labeled cells in the lateral posterior nucleus, as well as the lateral intermediate, posterior and intralaminar nuclei. Since the lateral posterior nucleus receives visual projections from the superior colliculus, the results show two visual pathways: the geniculo-striate path projecting just to core area or area 17, and a more diffuse parallel path that projects to both the core and belt.
These are (1) the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (2) the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (3) the lateral posterior nucleus (4) the pretectum (5) the superior colliculus, and (6) the accessory optic system. The accessory optic system and the lateral posterior nucleus receive a contralateral retinal projection only and the other four regions receive a bilateral retinal projection.
The corticothalamic pathway to the lateral posterior nucleus medial to the LGN was developed at E45.
In some species of Japanese Soricoidea, Sorex shinto, Mogera wogura wogura, Mogera wogura kobeae, Dymecodon pilirostris, and Urotrichus talpoides, the cytoarchitecture of the eyeball and its accessory organs, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the superior colliculus, the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus and the visual cortex were investigated in correlation with life habits.
These units, preferentially excited from contralateral receptive fields, were localized in POm, POl, suprageniculate nuclei, the magnocellular division of the medial geniculate body (Mgmc) and the ventral part of the lateral posterior nucleus.
These include: (1) the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, (2) the dorsal and (3) ventral lateral geniculate nuclei, (4) the lateral posterior nucleus, (5) the pretectal complex, (6) the superior colliculus and (7) the accessory optic nuclei.
These are (1) the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (2) the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (3) the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (4) the lateral posterior nucleus (5) the pretectum (6) the superior colliculus, and (7) the accessory optic system. The accessory optic system and lateral posterior nucleus receive a contralateral retinal projection only and the other five regions receive a bilateral retinal projection.
Sparse degenerated axonal endings were found in the limitans nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus and some intralaminar nuclei following lesions of the superficial layers in the rostral portion of the superior colliculus. Following lesions of the deep layers of the superior colliculus, degenerated axonal endings were found in the central gray, magnocellular medial geniculate nucleus, suprageniculate nucleus, limitans nucleus, lateral posterior nucleus, medial and oral pulvinar, nucleus of the accessory optic tract, zona incerta, subdivisions of the ventral lateral and ventral posterior lateral nuclei, ventral posterior inferior nucleus, denosocellular and multiform dorsomedial nuclei, all intralaminar nuclei, inferior colliculus, parabigeminal nucleus, olivary nucleus, reunions nucleus, Forel's Field H and an undefined midbrain nucleus.
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