In four glossopharyngeal neuralgia patients, reanstamosis of the glossopharyngeal nerve were found in two patients, adhesion between the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve was found in one patient, but occurred in none of the another one. 
To evaluate the cooperative effect of afferent signals from the pharynx and larynx on reflex swallowing, the interactive effect of afferent signals from the pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN-ph) and superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) was analyzed in detail in urethane-anesthetized rats.
RESULTS: A vascular compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve was found in all cases.
The stylopharyngeus and the glossopharyngeal part of the superior constrictor were innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve, which occasionally penetrated the stylopharyngeus. CONCLUSIONS: The innervations pattern suggests that the pharyngeal muscles comprise four groups: the first innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve, the second and third by the pharyngeal plexus, and the fourth by the plexus and the laryngeal nerves.
There were no significant differences in gastric emptying among the 3 groups after deafferentation of the two peripheral taste nerve branches, the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves, or after intragastric infusions of each mash.
The glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve are mixed nerves containing sensory, gustatory, motor and autonomous fibers (parasympathetic). The glossopharyngeal nerve has mainly visceral afferent fibers from the tongue and pharynx, gustatory fibers from the posterior third of the tongue, parasympathetic afferent fibers from carotid sinus and carotid glomus, parasympathetic efferent fibers for the parotid gland and motor fibers for the muscles of the pharynx.
These techniques can be used for monitoring the trigeminal nerve (Vth cranial nerve), facial nerve (VIIth), glossopharyngeal nerve (IXth), pneumogastric nerve (Xth), spinal accessory nerve (XIth), and hypoglossal nerve (XIIth), in particular during surgical removal of tumors of the cerebellopontine angle or skull base.
Object Eagle syndrome is characterized by unilateral pain in the oropharynx, face, and earlobe, and is caused by an elongated styloid process or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament with associated compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Conclusions Eagle syndrome may be considered an entrapment syndrome of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
METHOD: Transpostlabyrinthine endoscopic excision of glossopharyngeal nerve to treat 2 glossopharyngeal neuralgia patients.
the objective of this study determination of the postoperative analgesic efficacy of the pre-surgical intravenous administration of dexamethasone together with glossopharyngeal nerve block (GNB) in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Prospective double blind randomized control study using both pre-operative injection of 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone iv and 3 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine local injection for bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve block.
A glossopharyngeal nerve schwannoma was found at surgery. Schwannomas of the glossopharyngeal nerve are uncommon, and those originating from the extracranial course of the nerve are extremely rare. Our patient had a schwannoma of the extracranial glossopharyngeal nerve, which caused posterolateral carotid displacement..
Including our own cases, the glossopharyngeal nerve was affected in 82 patients. A long-term follow-up is recommended for patients with dysgeusia related to glossopharyngeal nerve injury and patients with recurrent nerve dysfunction.
The tumor was thought to originate from the glossopharyngeal nerve in forty seven cases; vagal nerve in twenty six cases; and cranial accessory nerve in eleven cases.
The GKS target was the distal part of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
OBJECTIVE: Neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring of the glossopharyngeal nerve has been performed only with needle electrodes inserted into the pharyngeal muscles or soft palate. RESULTS: The glossopharyngeal nerve was monitored with an adhesive surface electrode mounted on the cuff of a laryngeal mask airway, and the vagus nerve was monitored with a similar electrode mounted on the endotracheal tube. Successful monitoring allowed separation of the glossopharyngeal nerve from the tumor, and there was no postoperative swallowing deficit. CONCLUSION: Monitoring of the glossopharyngeal nerve with surface electrodes is possible and reliable, but it must be combined with vagus nerve monitoring..
Patients presented most commonly with deficits of the vagus nerve, followed by vestibular/cochlear nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve deficits.
Electrical stimulation of parasympathetic nerve (PSN) efferent fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve induced a slow depolarizing synaptic potential (DSP) in frog taste cells under hypoxia.
ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Schwannoma arising from the glossopharyngeal nerve is a rare intracranial tumor.
METHODS: patients undergoing CPA tumor resection via microneurosurgery were randomly allocated to 2 equal groups: Group FN receiving intraoperative facial nerve (NF) monitoring and Group MN receiving monitoring of multiple nerves: trigeminal nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, accessory nerve or hypoglossal nerve other than the FN which were considered at risk by the neurosurgeon preoperatively. The facial nerve function of 4 patients exacerbated (from H-B grade I-II to grade III-IV) in both groups, and one new glossopharyngeal nerve function deficiency was found in Group FN, and one new hypoglossal nerve function deficiency was found in Group MN postoperatively.
The edge of the tongue was less impaired than the dorsal or the lateral tip loci; it may be dually innervated by both chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves in humans, as already shown in rats.
It was found intraoperatively, however, to originate from the glossopharyngeal nerve.
We postulate that baroreflex failure was caused by vagal and glossopharyngeal nerve damage secondary to radiotherapy and tumour recurrence.
The authors encountered a very rare human autopsy case in which the supernumerary branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve and a nerve branch arising from the external carotid plexus communicated with the superficial cervical ansa. The nerve fascicle and fiber analyses indicated that the supernumerary branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve separated cranial to the branches to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, carotid sinus and stylopharyngeal muscle and sent the nerve fibers to the muscular branches to the platysma and the cutaneous branches to the cervical region. Although the external carotid plexus is primarily postganglionic sympathetic fibers originating from the superior cervical ganglion, the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves gave off branches connecting to the plexus, and therefore it was not possible to determine the origins of this branch of the external carotid plexus. The present nerve fascicle analysis demonstrates that the supernumerary branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which innervated the platysma, did not share any nerve components with the branches to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, carotid sinus and stylopharyngeal muscle, suggesting that this supernumerary branch may be categorized into the different group from these well-known branches..
glossopharyngeal nerve transection profoundly reduces, whereas decerebration spares, the bitter-evoked Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) pattern and gaping, implicating the medial rNST as a substrate for the sensory limb of oral rejection.
In frogs, the responses of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GL) to NaCl are enhanced after treatment of the tongue with 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonic acid (ANS), a hydrophobic probe for biological membranes.
Therefore, the VA was moved to decompress the glossopharyngeal nerve.
To determine the neural dependence of Sox2 expression, glossopharyngeal nerves of mice were cut bilaterally.
RESULTS: The superior and inferior ganglions of the glossopharyngeal nerve and the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve were located within the jugular foramen. The superior ganglions of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves were located superiorly, whereas the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve was found inferiorly in relation to the inferior petrosal sinus orifice. In our series of 9 cases of jugular foramen schwannoma, the most common nerve of origin was the vagus nerve, followed by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Idiopathic neuralgia of the glossopharyngeal nerve sometimes occurs in association with neurovascular compression syndrome of the vagus and trigeminal nerves.
The number of carotid sinus nerve fibers that reached the carotid bifurcation region was markedly decreased, and baroreceptor fibers belonging to the glossopharyngeal nerve were absent from the basal part of the internal carotid artery in FRS2 alpha(2F/2F) mutant mice. We propose that the sympathetic ganglion provides glomus cell precursors into the third arch artery derivative in the presence of sensory fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve..
Tastant-mediated signals are generated by a rise in free intracellular calcium levels ([ Ca(2+)]i) in the taste bud cells and then are transferred to the gustatory area of brain via connections between the gustatory nerves (chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves) and the nucleus of solitary tract in the brain stem.
Preganglionic ISN neurons innervating the von Ebner or parotid salivary glands were labeled by application of a fluorescent tracer to the lingual-tonsilar branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve or the otic ganglion respectively.
They can be associated with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (Jacobsen nerve) or the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (Arnold nerve) and are also referred to as chemodectomas or nonchromaffin paragangliomas.
The standing theory that explains the taste constancy is the "release of inhibition", which hypothesizes that within the NST there are inhibitory interactions between inputs from the CT and glossopharyngeal nerves and that the loss of taste information from the CT is compensated by a release of inhibition on the glossopharyngeal nerve input.
The offending arteries were attached to the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagal nerve at the root entry zones.
In the present review, we emphasize the functional development of glossopharyngeal nerve (N. In the nucleus of the glossopharyngeal nerve and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, action potentials were detected from E3.5 and E4, respectively.
Damage to the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve innervating the posterior tongue is thought to be a major cause of this complication. However, damage to the tonsillar branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve and the soft palate should also be considered as a cause of post-tonsillectomy dysgeusia.
The distance from the central point of the anterior edge of sigmoid to the roots of the trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve were (29.88+/-2.77) mm, (32.04+/-2.04) mm, (29.17+/-1.65) mm, (35.49+/-1.53) mm respectively.
Retrosigmoid keyhole approach can decrease the pressure on the cerebellum and expose the related structures effectively which include facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, hypoglossal nerve, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery and labyrinthine artery, etc.
The afferent nerve activities were recorded from the whole nerve bundle or pauci-fiber bundles of the pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN-ph) in Wistar normal and fatty rats.
Chemoreceptors located on the first pair of gill arches and innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve appeared to attenuate the cardiac and respiratory responses to hypoxia.
Using voltage-sensitive dye recording, we traced the ontogenetic expression of neural excitability related to the glossopharyngeal nerve (N. IX stimulation in the nucleus of the glossopharyngeal nerve (motor nucleus).
When the velocity of capillary blood flow in the frog tongue declined to an intermediate range of 0.2-0.7 mm/s, the glossopharyngeal nerve stimulation induced a biphasic slow depolarizing and slow hyperpolarizing potential (HP) in taste cells.
The effect of calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) agonists on frog gustatory responses was studied using glossopharyngeal nerve recording and whole-cell patch-clamp recording of isolated taste disc cells.
Among posterior fossa tumours, schwannomas arising from glossopharyngeal nerves are extremely rare, and only 39 cases of glossopharyngeal schwannomas have been described.
BACKGROUND: We evaluated the efficacy of glossopharyngeal nerve block (GNB) for the control of post-tonsillectomy pain in adult patients, and correlated the extent of obtunded gag reflex as a clinical indicator of GNB with the extent of pain relief.
Intranasal vinegar might stimulate dorsal wall of nasopharynx where the pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which is thought as an afferent of the reflex arch of hiccup, is distributed.
METHODS: Six groups of rabbits were operated on and evaluated: healthy controls (n = 6); section without reinnervation (denervated group, n = 7); section and reinnervation with ibSLN (SLN-SLN group, n = 9); and section and anastomosis with the lingual nerve (lingual group, n = 7), the glossopharyngeal nerve (glossopharyngeal group, n = 6), and the great auricular nerve (GA group, n = 7).
The first description of severe pain in the distribution of the glossopharyngeal nerve is credited to Weisenberg, in 1910, in a patient with cerebellopontine angle tumor.
Standard gustatory tests confirmed severe taste impairment, reflecting the lesion of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
The most significant postoperative morbidity was associated with the schwannomas of the vagus nerve, sympathetic chain, hypoglossal nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and the facial nerve.
A surgical dissecting microscope was used to trace the roots of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X) and accessory nerve (CN XI) before they entered the jugular foramen and during their travel through it.
We examined whether there is a relationship between the neuron numbers of the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve and blood pressure values.
The pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN-ph) innervating the pharynx has unique responses to taste stimulation that differs from responses of the chorda tympani nerve and lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
The facial nerve may also be involved; dysgeusia results mainly from involvement of the chorda tympani (0.5-7.0%) or the glossopharyngeal nerve.
She showed right glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve palsies, but no other neurological deficits. We conclude that PCR analysis of VZV DNA in auricular skin exudates can be a useful diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of zoster sine herpete presenting with painful glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve palsies..
The occurrence of combined facial nerve palsy, glossopharyngeal nerve palsy, vagus nerve palsy, and hypoglossal nerve palsy strongly suggested that she had Möbius syndrome.
We describe the case of a patient with a schwannoma of the left glossopharyngeal nerve, operated on in our Neurosurgical Unit.
glossopharyngeal nerve paralysis caused by varicella zoster virus reactivation is rare.
We also found that occipital artery injections of 5-HT elicited pronounced dose-dependent reductions in heart rate and diastolic arterial blood pressure that were (1) virtually abolished after application of the local anesthetic, procaine, to the ipsilateral nodose and petrosal ganglia, (2) markedly attenuated after transection of the ipsilateral vagus between the nodose ganglion and brain and virtually abolished after subsequent transection of the ipsilateral glossopharyngeal nerve between the petrosal ganglion and the brain, (3) augmented after ipsilateral transection of the aortic depressor and carotid sinus nerves, and (4) augmented after transection of all ipsilateral glossopharyngeal and vagal afferent nerves except for vagal cardiopulmonary afferents.
In mammals, ventilation is peripherally controlled by the carotid body (CB), which receives afferent innervation from the petrosal ganglion and efferent innervation from neurons located along the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN).
CONCLUSION: We describe the first reported case of internal maxillary artery dissection and pseudoaneurysm presenting with isolated glossopharyngeal nerve palsy.
Particular emphasis was given to activating taste receptors in the foliate papillae innervated by the quinine-sensitive glossopharyngeal nerve.
We investigate possible interactions between acetylcholine (ACh)- and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-induced responses of petrosal ganglion, where the perikarya of most sensory neurons of the glossopharyngeal nerve are located. Separate applications of ACh and ATP to the exposed surface of the ganglion induced bursts of antidromic potentials recorded from the carotid (sinus) nerve branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, which frequencies were dependent on the dose of the applied agonists.
Intraoperatively, the tumor appeared to involve the right glossopharyngeal nerve completely and the vagus nerve incompletely, and was incompletely resected.
Here we report that the shapes of wing and rod cells isolated from taste discs in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) remained unchanged 1 month after cutting bilateral glossopharyngeal nerves.
Rats were tested in a gustometer with a 2-response operant taste-detection task before and after sham surgery (n = 5), combined transection of the CT and the greater superficial petrosal nerves (GSP; 7x, n = 6), or transection of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GL; 9x, n = 4).
However, rats previously given section of the bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve showed no such salivary protein induction. These results suggest that rK2 and rK9 increased by chemosensory information for the gymnema diet via the glossopharyngeal nerve might cleave gurmarin or at least cause specific binding with it..
The region of the pharynx is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN-ph).
A 69-year-old woman developed acute pain in the left trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerve distributions.
The offending vessel, which was PICA, had adhered to the glossopharyngeal nerve and was repositioned laterally away from the nerve by interposition of a felt cushion. However, the sensory distributions for the floor of the oral cavity and tongue involve 4 overlapping nerves: the trigeminal nerve, sensory components of the facial and vagal nerves, and the glossopharyngeal nerve.
In electrophysiological experiments responses of single taste fibers in chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves were recorded before and after tongue application of miraculin.
Cervical neurilemmoma may originate from any nerve sheath tissue in the neck including the vagus nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, brachial plexus, sympathetic trunk and cervical spine.
Constant anastomoses between the lingual and hypoglossal nerves, between the glossopharyngeal nerve and the hypoglossal and lingual nerves, were demonstrated and may help explain the "neck-tongue" syndrome.
CONCLUSION: SL carries a higher risk for lingual and glossopharyngeal nerve injuries than previously recognized.
To determine the neural dependence of neurotrophin expression in adult taste buds, glossopharyngeal nerves were cut unilaterally.
Electrical stimulation was delivered to the taste buds area of the tongue (chorda tympani, glossopharyngeal nerve area) and the soft palate (greater petrosal nerve area). RESULTS: Electric taste threshold was significantly higher when below 100 msec (chorda tympani nerve area), 120 msec (glossopharyngeal nerve area), and 200 msec (greater petrosal nerve area).
Since both swallowing and cough reflexes are mediated by endogenous substance P contained in the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves, pharmacologic therapy using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, which decrease substance P catabolism, can improve both reflexes and result in the lowering of the risk of pneumonia.
None of our patients had taste disturbance due to surgical insult of the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
This report describes a pediatric case of delayed glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, and facial nerve palsies after a head injury.
Using immunocytochemical methods, we examined whether the taste bud cells in mouse circumvallate papillae after transection of the glossopharyngeal nerves expressed GDNF and its receptor, GDNF family receptor alpha1 (GFRalpha1).
RESULTS: In none of the patients was it possible to detect any perception of the test tastes in the regions under the control of the chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves on the reconstructed side, indicating a "nondetectable" grade 6 result.
The cause was thought to be a lesion to the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve because of the location of the symptoms at the posterior region of the buccal cavity and because of the raised electrogustometric thresholds in the posterior region of one half of the tongue.
In this study we use nystatin perforated-patch and conventional whole-cell recording to characterize the biophysical properties of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-expressing paraganglion neurons from the rat glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN), that are thought to provide NO-mediated efferent inhibition of carotid body chemoreceptors.
Excision of part of the soft palate and damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve or its lingual branch as a result of diathermy or surgery are the possible causes.
CONCLUSIONS: PRF seems to be a safe, effective approach to treating neuralgia of the glossopharyngeal nerve, whether the condition is essential or secondary to another process.
CONCLUSION: The absent facial nerves on MRI and the unusual distribution of the facial weakness, which is characteristic of Möbius syndrome, suggests that other cranial nerves, possibly the trigeminal, hypoglossal, or glossopharyngeal nerve, aberrantly innervate some lower facial muscles.
Basal ganglia infarction leads to the impairment of dopamine metabolism and, as a consequence, a decrease of substance P in the glossopharyngeal nerve and sensory vagal nerves.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Dysfunction of the glossopharyngeal nerve has been implicated as a cause of dysphagia in horses. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve anaesthesia would cause dysphagia in horses or result in measurable alterations in the timing, function, or sequence of swallowing. METHODS: Swallowing was evaluated in 6 normal horses with and without bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve anaesthesia. RESULTS: There was no evidence of aspiration or dysphagia in horses before or after bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve block. CONCLUSIONS: glossopharyngeal nerve function may not be essential for normal swallowing function in otherwise healthy horses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Clinically, normal swallowing is not an appropriate test of glossopharyngeal nerve function and dysphagic horses should not be assumed to have glossopharyngeal nerve dysfunction..
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