The other chain laced up the field of Forel, the zona incerta, the ventral LGN, the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN) and the previously-overlooked peripulvinar nucleus (PPulN) and so formed the inner TRN tier. 
Attractive interactions induced by the presence of opposite sign image charges are found strong enough to adsorb the polyelectrolyte showing that the reaction field contribution has to be considered. The reaction field magnitude is also found to depend in a nonlinear way from the polyelectrolyte length..
An evaluation of several insecticides, namely, 0.01% fipronil, 0.05% indoxacarb, and 2% boric acid in liquid bait formulations were carried out against field populations of the longlegged ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes (Fr.
The primary coagulation focus comprised the posterior subthalamic white matter in the prelemniscal radiation and field H of Forel.
However, only some double-labelled neurons were found in other hypothalamic nuclei with abundant CTB-positive neurons, such as the paraventricular nucleus, perifornical area and H1 Forel field.
Different techniques, which involve different assumptions and field procedures, have been used to estimate the composition of harvester ant diet.
Their achievement and those of others within this field, coupled with technological progress, gradually allowed more complex physiological studies. This review does not include 21st century laureates, although the prize has already been given to neuroscientists twice this century; Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, and Eric Kandel received the award in 2000 for their discoveries related to signal transduction, and Richard Axel and Linda Buck received the award in 2004 for their work in the field of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system..
The model system consisted of three fundamental components: (1) a 3D anatomical model of the subcortical nuclei and DBS electrode position in the brain, each derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); (2) a finite element model of the DBS electrode and electric field transmitted to the brain, with tissue conductivity properties derived from diffusion tensor MRI; (3) VTA prediction derived from the response of myelinated axons to the applied electric field, which is a function of the stimulation parameters (contact, impedance, voltage, pulse width, frequency). Additionally, stimulation through electrode contacts that improved bradykinesia and rigidity generated VTAs that overlapped the zona incerta/fields of Forel (ZI/H2).
These laboratory and additional field observations demonstrate considerable interpopulational variation in P.
It appears that further progress in this research field is being slowed by (i) a limited integration between the geochemical and the biological aspects of the research on colloids and (ii) a persistent gap between well-controlled laboratory studies and real field situations. Despite the uncertainties associated with field variability, the results of chemical analysis and toxicitytesting show several points of convergence. Following these observations, a few innovative research approaches are suggested to improve the understanding of trace element biogeochemistry in real field situations..
Within the forebrain, retrogradely labeled cells were found in the claustrum, basal nucleus of Meynert, substantia innominata, extended amygdala, lateral and posterior hypothalamic area, field H of Forel, and a number of thalamic nuclei with the strongest labeling in the nuclei ventralis lateralis, ventralis posteromedialis, including its parvocellular part, medialis dorsalis and centrum medianum, and weaker labeling in the nuclei ventralis anterior, ventralis posterolateralis, intermediodorsalis, paracentralis, parafascicularis and pulvinaris anterior.
However, metabolic rates were higher than controls in the periaqueductal gray and zona incerta and in two other structures not previously active: the prerubral area/field of Forel and the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus.
This review summarizes the latest developments in this field..
Subcortical projections could be traced within the forebrain to the putamen, caudate nucleus, claustrum, zona incerta, field H of Forel and a number of thalamic nuclei, with the heaviest projections to the nuclei ventralis lateralis, ventralis posteromedialis, including its parvocellular part, medialis dorsalis, centralis medialis, centrum medianum and reuniens.
Nineteen of the 21 lesions extended beyond the STN to involve pallidofugal fibres (H2 field of Forel) and the zona incerta (ZI).
Anatomical correlates may be the pallidothalamic bundle (including field H of Forel and the thalamic fascicle), the pallidosubthalamic tract, and/or the zona incerta..
In addition, contralateral projections were observed to the zona incerta and the fields of Forel. Although visual acuity largely depends on receptive field sizes of retinal ganglion cells and their central connections, the stronger sympathetic influence during the pupillary light reflex in animals with frontally placed eyes compared to animals with laterally placed eyes may also contribute to the higher visual acuity in animals with frontally placed eyes..
Other projections included efferents to the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, caudal field H of Forel, paramedian pontine reticular formation, and caudal vestibular nuclei. Other efferent fibers projected to the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nuclei, as well as to the parvocellular reticular field, which contains interneurons for these motor groups. Labeled neurons also were found in the caudal field H of Forel, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, pontine medial tegmentum including the pontine paramedian reticular formation, nucleus subcoeruleus, and vestibular nuclear complex.
Moderate to substantial input to the parvocellular reticular formation appears to come from the central amygdaloid nucleus, the parvocellular division of the red nucleus, and the orofacial and gustatory sensory cell groups (comprising the mesencephalic, principal and spinal trigeminal nuclei, and the rostral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract), whereas many other structures, including the substantia innominata, the field H2 of Forel, hypothalamic nuclei, the superior colliculus, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, the retrorubral field and the parabrachial complex, seem to represent relatively modest additional input sources.
Seizures were also provoked at the diencephalic level with LT stimulation delivered in the medial thalamic area, the nucleus reticularis thalami and some subthalamic regions (zona incerta, H field of Forel).
In the field, applications of house fly pupae and eye gnat, Hippelates pusio Loew, pupae dipped in acetone solutions of fenoxycarb significantly reduced population indices of the red imported fire ant, S. field observations showed that the pupae of either species can be carried or moved by one or two worker ants.
The zona incerta and field of Forel contained a few labeled cells.
This study is concerned with the projection from PNs to a group of vertical BNs in the nucleus of the H field of Forel (H FF) in the caudomedial subthalamus.
The CRUo projected into the ipsilateral field of Forel and paramedial pontine reticular formation (PPRF), the PREo-l projected into the contralateral dorsomedial medullary reticular formation, and the PREo-m projected into the ipsilateral medullary reticular formation and there was only a small degree of projection into the central portion between the abducens nerve rootlets..
A unilateral injection of 6-OHDA (6 microgram/1.5 microliter) was made into the fields of Forel in order to estimate the effects of the destruction of ascending dopaminergic (DA) pathways on the denervation supersensitivity of DA D1 receptors in the rat striatum. In addition, retrograde transport experiments made with wheat germ agglutinin coupled to horseradish peroxidase indicated that the anteromedian part of the striatum, but not the laterodorsal one, receives both an ipsi- and contralateral cortical projection originating in the prefrontocortical DA field. When the destruction by 6-OHDA of this contralateral DA innervation was combined to the unilateral lesion of the fields of Forel, the increase in DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in each striatal area 3 or 7 weeks postlesion was prevented.
Eye and head movements are strongly interconnected, because they both play an important role in accurately determining the direction of the visual field. These regions are the caudal third of field H of Forel, including the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal with adjacent reticular formation (INC-RF). Lesions in the caudal field H of Forel in monkey and man result in vertical gaze paralysis. We reported a study of the location of neurons in field H of Forel and INC-RF that project to spinal cord in cat. the ventral and lateral parts of the caudal third of the field H of Forel and in the INC-RF. Neurons in caudal field H of Forel project, via the ventral part of the ventral funiculus, to the lateral part of the upper cervical ventral horn. Projections from the caudal field H of Forel to thoracic or more caudal spinal levels are sparse. Further caudally, labeled fibers are distributed to the medial part of the ventral horn (laminae VIII and adjoining VII) similar to the projections of field H of Forel.
Following injections in the first cervical segments and in the cervical enlargement labelled neurons were observed in the somatic motor and somatic sensory cortices, the paraventricular and the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, the lateral hypothalamic area, the nuclei of field H of Forel, the red nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, the deep layers of the superior colliculus, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the periaqueductal grey, the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus, the nuclei raphe dorsalis, centralis superior, raphe magnus, raphe pallidus, and raphe obscurus, the rhombencephalic reticular formation, the lateral, medial and caudal vestibular nuclei, the nucleus ambiguus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the gracile nucleus. After HRP injections in the lumbar enlargement, labelled neurons were not found in the cortex, the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, the nuclei of field H of Forel, the superior colliculus and the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus.
The projections from many cortical, thalamic and hypothalamic structures, from the head of nucleus caudatus, septum, globus pallidus, anterior commissure nucleus, nucleus amygdalaris centralis, field of Forel, zona incerta and a number of the brainstem structures have been established.
Bilateral projections of the midbrain structures to all parts of the nucleus mentioned (field of Forel, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, oculomotor nerve nucleus and red nucleus) were found.
The results suggest that the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis receives its main input from the zona incerta and field H1 of Forel, the superior colliculus, the central gray substance, and the mesencephalic and magnocellular pontomedullary districts of the reticular formation.
Injections involving the frontal eye fields (FEF) labelled the INC bilaterally, but ipsilateral terminations were densest. These cases also labelled the region of the fields of Forel. A relatively discrete injection in the vibrissae field weakly labelled ND.
After a localized lesion was made within the posterior commissure, dense degenerated terminals were distributed in the most rostral part of the nucleus pretectalis posterior, the nucleus of posterior commissure, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, and the central tegmental field. A medium amount of degenerated terminals were observed in the nucleus pretectalis anterior (pars reticularis), the dorsal part of the periaqueductal grey at its most rostral levels, the caudolateral parts of the nucleus pretectalis posterior and the nucleus of optic tract, the H field of Forel, parts of the somatic cell columns of the oculomotor nucleus and the trochlear nucleus.
Projections were revealed from some hypothalamic nuclei, centrum medianum, as well as from nucleus parafascicularis and subthalamic nucleus; from zone incerta, field of Forel, nucleus medialis habenulae; from reticular formation of the pons, medulla oblongata and midbrain, central gray matter, colliculus superior, nucleus interstitialis Cajal; from contralateral red nucleus, nucleus fastigii and facial nucleus; from nucleus vestibularis lateralis (pars dorsalis) and nucleus vestibularis medialis as well as from ventral horn of the spinal cord cervical segments.
striae terminalis, hypothalamus, midline thalamus, field H of Forel, substantia nigra, periventricular and periaqueductal gray, inferior colliculus, reticular formation of midbrain, pons and medulla, inferior olive, lateral reticular nucleus and nucleus of solitary tract.
Presence of projections of the macrocellular neurons of the layer III (a part of the third component of the ensemble) has been revealed in the posterior part of the lateral hypothalamus and in the field of Forel H1.
Most of these neurons project to the ipsilateral cortex; a small percentage innervate the contralateral cortex, but this varies among cortical terminal fields. The perifornical neurons are organized in a roughly topographic medial-to-lateral relationship with respect to their cortical terminal fields. field of Forel (FF) neurons, which project primarily to the frontal cortex of the ipsilateral hemisphere, are located just ventral to the medial edge of the medial lemniscus, at the level of the ventromedial basal thalamic nucleus. Injections of different-colored fluorescent dyes into various cortical areas demonstrate that hypothalamic neurons in general have rather restricted cortical terminal fields.
The results of stereotaxic lesions in various locations are difficult to evaluate with the single exception of field H of Forel, which in many reports has been effective for grand mal seizures.
Following injections of wheatgerm agglutinin, conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, in the lateral part of the superior colliculus, anterograde labelling was observed in: the contralateral superior colliculus, the ipsilateral pretectal nuclei, subthalamic area (zona incerta and Forel field) and thalamic structures namely: dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate, parafascicular, posterior nuclear group, reuniens nuclei and lateral portion of medio-dorsal nucleus.
Subcortically , efferents were found to the putamen, caudate nucleus, claustrum, the thalamic nuclei reticularis, ventrialis anterior, ventralis lateralis, medialis dorsalis, centralis lateralis, paracentralis , centrum medianum, parafascicularis, centralis superior lateralis, centralis inferior and lateralis posterior, the subthalamic nucleus, field H of Forel, nuel .
TBSNs belong to the class of large, multipolar, wide field neurons. In the midbrain, preterminal and terminal ramifications are present in the medial and lateral reticular tegmentum, in the central grey (including its supraoculo-motor zone), in the nuclei of Cajal and Dark-schewitsch and in the medial aspects of the prerubral area and the fields of Forel. The widespread connections of each individual TBSN suggest that neurons of this type may provide a spatio-temporal pattern of facilitation which promotes rapid orientation of eyes, head and body towards the contralateral hemifield but does not specify the details of movement to be executed..
Sections were processed with DAB and BDH for the brown and blue reaction products and later examined by bright and dark field microscopy for the presence and location of retrogradely labeled neurons. Results indicate that a significant number of afferent connections to the LH originate in the olfactory and accumbens nuclei, pyriform cortex, olfactory tracts, magnocellular and medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic regions, stria terminalis, stria hypothalamic tract, diagonal tract of Broca, caudate-putamen and globus pallidus, internal capsule, lateral septal nuclei, lateral preoptic area and anterior medial forebrain bundle, the various amygdaloid nuclei, zona incerta, perifornical region, dorsal and ventral medial hypothalamic areas, supraoptic, paraventricular and periventricular nuclei, posterior hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle, ventral thalamic nuclei, the fields of Forel, arcuate and mammillary nuclei, adjacent to the fasciculus retroflexus, in the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, interpeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra, mesencephalic reticular formation, periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus and parabrachial region.
Cells labeled with the peroxidase reaction product were located in gyrus propreus, gyrus genualis, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, bed nucleus of the anterior commissure, nucleus of the diagonal band, substantia innominata, anterior amygdaloid area, ventromedial hypothalamic area, paraventricular nucleus, perifornical hypothalamic area, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsal hypothalamic area, field of Forel, midbrain reticular formation, superior colliculus, ventral central grey, lateral central gray, locus coeruleus, parabrachial nuclei, nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, oral pontine reticular nucleus, and the dorsal raphe.
In the 2 cases of generalized epilepsy, bilateral Forel field lesions were performed.
These brain stem regions involve certain portions of the inferior olive, inferior and superior colliculi, red n., zona incerta, pretectum, thalamic posterior group and the H field of Forel.
Subsequent tolerance was shown for electrodes stimulating dorsal or medial hypothalamic structures (H2 field of Forel, dorsal medial forebrain bundle, medial hypothalamic nuclei), but did not develop with ventral or lateral hypothalamic stimulation sites (fornix, ventral medial forebrain bundle)..
Three to 12 h after injection of 125I-tetanus toxin into the rostral part of the nucleus caudatus of the rat, heavily labeled nerve cells were found in the substantia nigra zona compacta, in Forel field H2 and parts of the zona incerta, and in specific thalamic intralaminar nuclei (nucleus medialis pars lateralis and nucleus parafascicularis).
The shape of Forel H field was found to be very variable, changing from the rectangular to triangular shape in pararubralparts, and from oval to semioval-in prerubral parts. The size and position of Forel H field proved to change in relation to intracerebral reference points: posterior comissure, medial and intercomissural planes used in stereotaxical technique..
A subthalamic projection to field H of Forel was observed.
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