The frontal eye field (FEF), located in the fundus of arcuate sulcus, is known to play a role in SP and gaze pursuit movements. 
Two areas are almost completely limited to the anterior bank of the inferior arcuate sulcus, a dorsal one-8/FEF-which extends also more dorsally and should represent the architectonic counterpart of the frontal eye field, and a ventral one-45B-which occupies the ventral half of the bank.
The caudal part of the frontal eye fields (FEF) in the fundus of arcuate sulcus contains pursuit neurons and the majority of them respond to vestibular stimulation induced by whole-body rotation, that activates primarily semi-circular canals, and by whole-body translation, that activates otoliths.
The following primary sulci were then visible until ED 120: the superior temporal sulcus on ED 90; the intraparietal sulcus, lunate sulcus, inferior occipital sulcus, and arcuate sulcus on ED 100; and the principle sulcus on ED 110; the occipitotemporal sulcus, anterior middle temporal sulcus, and superior postcentral dimple on ED 120.
The caudal part of the frontal eye fields (FEF) in the fundus of the arcuate sulcus contains pursuit-related neurons and the majority of them respond to vestibular stimulation induced by whole body movement.
However, the frontal eye field in non-human primates has been located within the arcuate sulcus in Brodmann area 8, generating considerable debate about where to locate exactly the frontal eye field in humans.
The primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (F1) forelimb representation, the S1- and F1-trunk representation, the F2-dimple region, areas F3-forelimb, F4, F5-bank of arcuate sulcus, F7-ridge, the dorsal bank of cingulate sulcus, and 24 c were activated in all reaching monkeys regardless of accompanying visual stimulation and oculomotor behavior.
For each cortical domain, we show the anatomical position and extent of visuo-oculomotor activity, including evidence that the dorsolateral frontal activation, which includes the frontal eye field (on the anterior bank of the arcuate sulcus), extends anteriorly into posterior principal sulcus (area 46) and posteriorly into part of dorsal premotor cortex (area 6).
The smooth-pursuit region (FEFsem) in macaque monkeys lies principally in the fundus and deep posterior wall of the arcuate sulcus, between the FEF saccade region (FEFsac) in the anterior wall and somatomotor areas on the posterior wall and convexity. In the frontal lobe, labeled neurons were found mostly on the ipsilateral side in the (1) supplementary eye field region and lateral area F7; (2) area F2 along the superior limb of the arcuate sulcus; and (3) in the buried cortex of the arcuate sulcus extending along the superior and inferior limbs and including FEFsac and adjacent areas 8, 45, and PMv. Labeled cells were found bilaterally in the frontal lobe in the deep posterior walls of the arcuate sulcus and postarcuate spurs and in cingulate motor areas 24 and 24c.
They were distributed bilaterally in the periarcuate cortex around the junction of the spur and the arcuate sulcus.
Predicting a short delay had effects closely similar to those of predicting a large reward: 1) monkeys were more motivated when working for a reward at short delay, 2) neurons tended to fire more strongly before a short delay, 3) individual neurons firing more strongly before a short delay tended also to fire more strongly before a large reward, and 4) the tendency to fire more strongly before a short delay was far more pronounced in premotor areas caudal to the arcuate sulcus than in association areas rostral to it.
Suppression sites of bilateral saccades were located in the prearcuate gyrus facing the inferior arcuate sulcus where stimulation induced suppression at < or =40 microA but usually did not evoke any saccades at 80 microA and were different from those of ipsilateral saccades where stimulation evoked saccades at < or =50 microA.
Fixation-related increases of local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) values were found around the fundus of the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus (AS) just ventral to its genu, in the dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC), cingulate cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex.
These potentials were distributed continuously in the fundus, dorsal and ventral banks of the spur and the bottom of the junctional part of the arcuate sulcus and spur.
Both Statistical Parametric Mapping and regions of interest-based analyses revealed an increase of rCBF in the area surrounding the principal sulcus (PS), the superior convexity, the anterior bank of the arcuate sulcus (AS), the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC), the frontal pole (FP), the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus (lIPS) and the prestriate cortex.
However, proximal movements tend to be located more medially (laterally to the superior precentral dimple), whereas distal movements tend to be located more laterally (medially to the spur of the arcuate sulcus).
Those projecting to the restro-dorsal sector were located near the superior limb of the arcuate sulcus, and in the dorsal convexity and upper bank of the PS.
In macaque monkeys, low-threshold microstimulation and single unit recording studies have located a saccadic subregion of FEF in a restricted area along the anterior wall of the arcuate sulcus and a pursuit subregion located deeper in the sulcus close to the fundus.
Its principal frontal corticocortical connections were with the prefrontal cortex in the shoulder above the principal sulcus and the cortex in the shoulder above the superior ramus of the arcuate sulcus (SAS), the area purported to contain the smooth eye movement-related frontal eye field (FEFsem) in the cebus monkey by other investigators. There were moderate connections with the cortex in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus (purported to contain the saccade-related frontal eye field; FEFsac), supplementary eye field (SEF), and rostral dorsal premotor area (PMDr).
The results showed that after inactivation of area F5 buried in the bank of the arcuate sulcus (the F5 sector where visuomotor neurones responding to object presentation are located), the hand shaping preceding grasping was markedly impaired and the hand posture was not appropriate for the object size and shape.
Here we show that electrical stimulation of the smooth-pursuit eye movement region in the arcuate sulcus of the frontal lobe ('the frontal pursuit area', FPA) mimics the active state of pursuit.
A cluster of sites with polysensory responses was found posterior to the genu of the arcuate sulcus.
The PMd can be subdivided into a rostral and a caudal part at a level slightly anterior to the genu of the arcuate sulcus.
These results suggest that the frontal eye fields that reside in anterior bank of the arcuate sulcus play an important role in temporal processing and in target selection.
A surface-negative (s-N), depth-positive (d-P) potential (at about 70 ms latency after stimulus onset) was recorded in the rostral bank of the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus in the left hemisphere, in which an insignificant potential was associated with self-paced vocalizations.
To understand the role the frontal eye fields (FEFs) play in pursuit-vestibular interactions, we examined responses of pursuit-related neurons near the arcuate sulcus in head-stabilized monkeys during visual tracking tasks that dissociate eye movement in the orbit from that in space. These results suggest that the region near the arcuate sulcus coordinates its various inputs to provide signals for target velocity in space and accurate gaze-velocity command during pursuit-vestibular interactions..
Monkey area F5 consists of two main histochemical sectors, one buried inside the arcuate sulcus, the other located on the cortical convexity. Neurons located in the bank of the arcuate sulcus respond to the observation of 3D objects, provided that object size and shape is congruent with the prehension type coded by the neuron ('canonical' F5 neurons).
SP was severely impaired by deactivation at sites in the FEF's smooth eye movement region (FEFsem) located in the fundus and posterior bank of the macaque monkey's arcuate sulcus.
Histological reconstructions showed that these neurons were located mainly in the posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus near the sulcal spur.
Such a motivation-dependent activity was mainly obtained in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus on both sides (except for the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus in the left hemisphere). As motivation for reward decreased, s-N, d-P potentials at a latency of about 80 ms after stimulus onset became gradually smaller in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus in the right hemisphere.
Cerebellar hemispherectomy on the right side eliminated the s-N, d-P premovement potentials in the motor cortex and in the posterior bank of inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus (homolog of Broca's area) in the left hemisphere.
Lesser pontine projections were observed from the medial prefrontal convexity and area 45B in the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus.
The FEFsem is located in the posterior shoulder of the superior arcuate sulcus near its medial tip and is therefore more accessible for tracer injections than the one in macaque monkeys.
A subregion in which only smooth eye movements were evoked was found in the posterior shoulder of the superior arcuate sulcus near its medial tip.
The spatial extent of the beta preparatory activity was monitored using an array of 15 epidural electrodes, positioned in 2 rows stretching from the arcuate sulcus to the lunate sulcus.
Neurons related to faciovocal behavior were located in the anterior cingulate sulcus and adjacent cortex of the mesial wall at a level just rostral to the genu of the arcuate sulcus.
Cerebellar hemispherectomy on the right side eliminated the s-N, d-P premovement potentials in the motor cortex and in the posterior bank of inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus (homolog of Broca's area) in the left hemisphere.
Forelimb movements were evoked from sites deep in the caudal bank of the arcuate sulcus and throughout the adjacent cortex bounded by a face representation (laterally) and a hindlimb representation (medially and caudally); (2) unlike the MI, the PM forelimb representation overlaps significantly with its own face representation.
When cortical surface-negative, depth-positive potential (at a latency of about 80 ms after a stimulus onset) appeared in the rostral bank of the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus of the left cerebral hemisphere, and became gradually larger, the monkey began to respond to the stimulus with the movement.
In two animals, tracer was injected ventral to the arcuate sulcus (PMv), in a region from which forelimb movements could be elicited by intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). Tracer injections dorsal to the arcuate sulcus (PMd) were made in two locations. In one animal, tracer was injected caudal to the genu of the arcuate sulcus (in caudal PMd [ cPMd], where ICMS was effective in eliciting forelimb movements); in another animal, it was injected rostral to the genu of the arcuate sulcus (in rostral PMd [ rPMd], where ICMS was ineffective in eliciting movements).
Monkeys with lesions of the adjacent posterior dorsolateral frontal cortex, which surrounds the arcuate sulcus (PA lesions), performed as well as the normal control animals on these tasks.
Retrograde tracers were injected into the forelimb regions of three cortical motor areas: (1) a dorsal aspect of the premotor cortex (PMd) immediately lateral to the superior precentral sulcus; (2) a ventral aspect of the premotor cortex (PMv) immediately caudal to the genu of the arcuate sulcus and lateral to the arcuate spur; and (3) the primary motor cortex (MI).
Intracortical microstimulation of a portion of the monkey frontal eye field (FEF) lying in the floor and posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus evokes smooth, rather than saccadic eye movements.
In the prefrontal cortex, area TE is connected with areas 8 and 45 in the inferior limb of the anterior bank of the arcuate sulcus, with area 12 on the inferior prefrontal convexity, and with areas 11 and 13 on the orbital surface.
One group was ying rostrally within the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus, from which microstimulation elicited movements of fingers and hand.
As a result, a cluster of retrogradely labeled neurons was found in the caudal bank of the arcuate sulcus, which corresponds to the ventral premotor cortex.
Before drug injection, single-unit recordings were made to select injection sites 1) in the dorsal aspect of the PM (PMd) around the superior precentral sulcus where typical set-related activity was frequently recorded and 2) in the ventral aspect of the PM (PMv) immediately caudal to the genu of the arcuate sulcus where movement-related neurons were densely located.
We have therefore studied the pattern of intrinsic intra- and interlaminar pyramidal neuron connectivity in prefrontal areas 9 and 46 (of Walker) in macaque monkey cerebral cortex (anterior to the arcuate sulcus between the principal sulcus and midline).
To study the role of acetylcholine (ACh) in the cognitive function of frontal lobes, ACh and atropine were applied iontophoretically to the task-related neurons recorded from an area around the superior ramus of arcuate sulcus in the frontal cortex of 4 rhesus monkeys during the performance of two tasks.
In addition, weaker projections were observed from the parieto-occipital dorsal area (POd), area 7a, area prostriata, the posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus, and areas in the anterior part of the lateral sulcus.
Projections from the FEF terminated in five frontal regions: 1) area FD on the dorsomedial convexity; 2) area FC (containing SEF) medial to the upper limb of the arcuate sulcus; 3) areas FD and FD delta along the walls of the principal sulcus; 4) area FCBm on the deep, posterior wall of the arcuate sulcus inferior to the sulcal spur; and 5) the inferolateral cortex (area FDi) on the convexity and lateral two thirds of the anterior wall of the arcuate sulcus.
The impairment was characterized by eye movements of inappropriate direction, and, excepting the one lesion that extended into the frontal eye field region of the arcuate sulcus, saccadic reaction times and velocities were the same before and after the lesions.
This paradigm was used in a total of 485 electrode penetrations through the arcuate sulcus region of six hemispheres in three adult monkeys.
Small unilateral ablations of 'low threshold' FEF showed smooth pursuit if the fundus of the arcuate sulcus was thoroughly removed.
In contrast, movement-related neurons were distributed in two distinct foci: one in the ventral aspect of the PM (PMv), immediately caudal to the genu of the arcuate sulcus and lateral to the spur of the sulcus; and the other in the PMd, overlap;ing the location of set-related neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS).
Of the 230 task-related neurons recorded from the area medial to the superior ramus of the arcuate sulcus, 159 neurons were tested with NE applied microiontophoretically.
The VApc also gives rise to only deep T-C projections onto the remaining premotor area and onto the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus as well as the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus at the level of the premotor area.
Injections of the retrograde/anterograde tracers Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) into the cortex along the banks of the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus in the cortex of 4 macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were used to investigate its cortico-cortical connections. Injections along the caudal bank of the inferior arcuate sulcus label premotor, supplementary motor, and precentral motor areas but produce relatively sparse prefrontal labeling. Injections along the rostral bank of the sulcus do not label motor areas but produce labeling in dorsal, lateral and orbital prefrontal areas, and in cortex along the ventral bank of the superior branch of the arcuate sulcus.
One lies in the dorsal aspect of the premotor cortex (PMd) medial to the spur of the arcuate sulcus, and the other in the ventral aspect of the premotor cortex (PMv) lateral to it. In contrast, when WGA-HRP was injected into the PMv immediately caudal to the arcuate sulcus and lateral to the spur of the arcuate sulcus, the labeled cells were found in area 7 (areas POa, PF, PFG), area 5 (area PEa), area PFop (secondary somatosensory area), SMA, the cingulate cortex (areas 24), caudal region of area 4 in the rostral bank of the central sulcus, and area 3a.
A small cortical area adjacent to the inferior ramus of the arcuate sulcus (area 45 of ref.
DLC has weaker connections with V I, the middle temporal area (MT), cortex rostral to MT in the location of the fundal superior temporal area (FST), cortex dorsal to DLC, ventral cortex rostral to V II, and cortex in the frontal lobe, lateral to the inferior arcuate sulcus.
These neurons were mainly located in a circumscribed area medial to the superior ramus of the arcuate sulcus in frontal cortex, including the prefrontal and premotor areas.
Following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) gel implants into the middle and dorsal POC in two rhesus monkeys, the middle POC implant demonstrated retrograde frontal cortical labeling largely restricted to the inferior frontal eye field (iFEF) and adjacent inferior prefrontal convexity, whereas the dorsal POC implant showed labeling in the caudal ventral bank of the superior ramus of the arcuate sulcus (sas) and middle-to-dorsal region of the rostral bank of the concavity of the arcuate sulcus (dorsal FEF).
The third region of corticospinal cortex in primates is located on the lateral surface of the cortex in prosimians and New World monkeys and is buried in the caudal bank of the inferior arcuate sulcus in Old World monkeys.
We found a medio-laterally oriented band of saccadic eye-movement sites that extended from the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus onto the medial surface of the hemisphere and into the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus. We conclude that eye movements are more broadly represented in the frontal lobes than previously described: either the SEF extends into the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus and laterally to the arcuate sulcus, or there are more than two frontal eye-movement fields..
Within the prefrontal cortex, area 7m's connections are with the rostral sector of the frontal eye field (FEF), the dorsal bank of the principal sulcus, and the anterior bank of the inferior arcuate sulcus (Walker's area 45). In contrast, area 7a, on the posterior parietal convexity, is not linked with premotor regions but is heavily interconnected with the rostral FEF in the anterior bank of the superior arcuate sulcus, the dorsolateral prefrontal convexity, the rostral orbitofrontal cortex, area 45, and the fundus and adjacent cortex of the dorsal and ventral banks of the principal sulcus.
The area extended about 10 mm along the anterior bank of the arcuate sulcus.
Recent cytoarchitectonic, histochemical, and hodological studies in primates have shown that area 6 is formed by three main sectors: the supplementary motor area, superior area 6, which lies medial to the spur of the arcuate sulcus, and inferior area 6, which is located lateral to it. Inferior area 6 has been further subdivided into two histochemical areas: area F5, located along the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus, and area F4, located between area F5 and area 4 (area F1).
An additional 31 neurons in the frontal eye fields (FEF) region within and near the anterior bank of the arcuate sulcus were also studied.
The caudal bank of the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus; 6.
On the basis of its cytoarchitectonic and enzymatic properties area 6 of the macaque monkey can be subdivided into two large sectors: a superior sector lying medial to the spur of the arcuate sulcus (superior area 6 or F2) and an inferior sector lying lateral to it (inferior area 6).
The injections were made into the anterior bank of the arcuate sulcus from dorsomedial sites where large saccades were evoked (lFEF) to ventrolateral sites where small saccades were evoked (sFEF).
The axio-proximal movements are represented caudally, the distal movements are represented near the arcuate sulcus.
The afferents from the premotor area are restricted and come from a region immediately behind the arcuate spur and adjacent parts of the superior and inferior limbs of the arcuate sulcus in the floor, caudal bank, and caudal lip of that sulcus.
the rostral (TEr), the caudal (TEc), and the most caudal (TEO) parts of the inferotemporal cortex, the superior temporal gyrus, and the temporal pole (TG), and in the upper bank of the inferior arcuate sulcus in the frontal lobe.
Area 6 may be broadly subdivided into a dorsal and a ventral sector at the spur of the arcuate sulcus.
The rostral part of the agranular frontal cortex (area 6) of the monkey consists of two large sectors: a superior sector lying medial to the spur of the arcuate sulcus (superior area 6) and an inferior sector lying lateral to it (inferior area 6).
Two regions were identified, one medial and/or posterior to the arcuate sulcus, in Brodmann's area 6; the second included parts of areas 8 and 9 within the genu of the arcuate sulcus.
The rostral part of the agranular frontal cortex (area 6) can be subdivided on the basis of its cytoarchitecture, enzymatic properties, and connections into two large sectors: a superior region, lying medial to the spur of the arcuate sulcus, and an inferior region, lying lateral to it. The region near the spur of the arcuate sulcus (hand field) projects to the area 4 hand field while the lateral part of inferior area 6 (mouth field) is connected with the corresponding field in area 4.
Connections were also found with area VIP in the intraparietal sulcus, with area V3A on the annectent gyrus, possibly with area PO in the dorsomedial prestriate cortex, and, finally, with the frontal eye field on the anterior bank of the lower limb of the arcuate sulcus.
The spatial distribution of neurons related to distal movements differed from that of neurons related to proximal forelimb movements, the former being focused at a postarcuate region near the genu of the arcuate sulcus and the latter being shifted more posteromedially.
Even small HRP injections into the superficial layers of the superior colliculus yielded labelled cells in the agranular cortex (area 6) of the anterior bank of the arcuate sulcus.
Rostral to F1 two large regions could be distinguished, one located medial to the spur of the arcuate sulcus and its imaginary caudal extension, the other laterally.
It lies along the posterior portion of the arcuate sulcus and is largely contained in the anterior bank of that sulcus. Within the arcuate sulcus, evoked saccades were usually larger near the lip and smaller near the fundus. Saccade direction had no global organization across the frontal eye fields; however, saccade direction changed in systematic progressions with small advances of the microelectrode, and all contralateral saccadic directions were often represented in a single electrode penetration down the bank of the arcuate sulcus.
Experiments in 5 monkeys revealed 3 major sources of input: (1) bilateral projections from the so-called frontal eye field (FEF), which is situated in the frontal cortex around the arcuate sulcus; (2) the intermediate and deep layers of mainly the contralateral superior colliculus; and (3) ipsilateral projections from brainstem structures such as the accessory oculomotor nuclei (nucleus interstitialis of Cajal, nucleus of Darkschewitsch, and nucleus of the posterior commissure), the mesencephalic reticular formation, the vestibular nuclei, the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, and the cerebellar fastigial nucleus.
Out of 175 movement-related neurons, 59 neurons showed modulation of activity only prior to the hindlimb movement, and the majority of them was distributed in a focal region around the superior precentral sulcus, several mm posteromedial to the genu of the arcuate sulcus. The hindlimb focus was separate from a focal region for forelimb movement-related neurons, which lay immediately posterior to the genu of the arcuate sulcus..
Single unit activity was studied in the dorsomedial edge of the frontal lobe, above the superior arcuate sulcus in three trained monkeys (Macaca nemestrina).
Some functional heterogeneity seems evident within area 8 since visual discrimination responses were rostral, visuokinesis was central and motor initiation was in the caudal bank of the arcuate sulcus.
Both retrograde and anterograde studies confirmed that the prearcuate cortex in the concavity of the arcuate sulcus, including the frontal eye field, and, to a lesser extent, suprarcuate rostral dorsal area 6 cortex and the dorsomedial convexity (area 9), project to the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) in the dorsal region of the prerubral field, nucleus of Darkschewitsch (ND), medial accessory nucleus of Bechterew (NB) and dorsomedial parvocellular red nucleus (dmPRN).
The anteriormost part of the inferior parietal lobule (area PF) projects to the ventral area 6, including the caudal bank of the lower branch of the arcuate sulcus, to the ventral area 46 below the sulcus principalis, and to the frontal and pericentral opercular cortex.
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemistry and double labeling with the fluorescent dyes nuclear yellow (NY) and fast blue (FB) were used to examine and compare the laminar and tangential arrangement of ipsilateral (associational) and contralateral (callosal) neurons and their relative density in three regions of prefrontal granular cortex: Walker's area 46 (principal sulcus), area 8A (superior limb of the arcuate sulcus), and area 11 (lateral orbital sulcus).
For example, area 8 receives many fibers from both the rostral part of area 9 and a small area adjacent to the inferior branch of the arcuate sulcus.
A study has been made of the corticocortical efferent and afferent connections of the posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus in the macaque monkey. The resultant labeling showed a discrete and topographically organized projection: neurons lying below the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus project into the MI face area, while neurons located in the posterior bank of the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus and in the arcuate spur region project into the MI hand area.
The neurons located in the lateral part of the areas and close to the inferior arcuate sulcus had relatively small RFs representing the foveal and parafoveal regions. Then, the neurons located between the caudal end of the principal sulcus and the arcuate sulcus had RFs with a considerable eccentricity.
In the conscious, behaving monkey trained to perform a motor task either self-paced or involving light cues, a restricted area responsive during performance of the task can be found in cytoarchitectonic area 6 at the level of the concavity of the arcuate sulcus.
After single or multiple injections of HRP into SC, labelled cells were found contralaterally in layer V of the anterior bank of the arcuate sulcus, the origin of this contralateral projection being confined to the anterior part of Brodmann's area 6.
Finally, monkeys with ablations of the cortex in the arcuate sulcus were not consistently impaired on any of the tasks.
The first set, located rostral to the arcuate sulcus, was formed by units that could be activated by stimuli presented far from the animal. The second set, found predominantly caudal to the arcuate sulcus, was formed by units that were maximally or even exclusively activated by stimuli presented in the space immediately around the animal.
Visual neurons were located rostral to the arcuate sulcus, whereas the somatosensory and the bimodal neurons were found predominantly caudal to this sulcus.
Cells located in the banks of the arcuate sulcus at its curvature changed their activity during the period in which the monkey saw a food reward in a certain position, but before it moved to retrieve the reward.
Ipsilaterally, HRP labeled neurons were found in both upper and lower limbs of the posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus and in an area surrounding the arcuate spur.
A total of 88 neurons in the posterior bank of the arcuate sulcus, contralateral to the hand used, was related to the task.
Projections from the first association areas seem to coverage in the periarcuate zone (bimodal overlap is noted between VA1 and AA1 in the arcuate concavity, and SA1 and VA1 dorsal to the arcuate sulcus), while those from the second association areas overlap in the ventral prearcuate cortex (area 46), where both bimodal and trimodal overlap is observed..
The anterior cingulate effects were found to be distributed on the prefrontal cortex from arcuate sulcus to two-thirds distance rostrally.
Monkeys with lesions in the banks and depths of the arcuate sulcus were impaired, while normal controls and monkeys with lesions in the banks and depths of the sulcus principalis and in the anterodorsal part of the head of the caudate nucleus were not..
The essential projection to VPMpc from the area located between the diagnonal sulcus and the arcuate sulcus in the buried cortex of the Sylvian fissure in monkeys was observed with the silver impregnation method of Nauta-Gygax.
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