Regional distributions of the receptor subunit revealed clear boundaries of some auditory subnuclei including the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei and the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus. 
The Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON) is the primary source of inhibition in the avian auditory brainstem.
In the Superior Olivary Nucleus, the full-spectrum and ultrasound-only calls evoked similar levels of expression that were significantly greater than the control, and egr-1 induction in the laminar nucleus showed no evidence of acoustic modulation.
Computational and physiological studies demonstrated that the sensitivity of NL neurons to coincident inputs is modulated by an inhibitory feedback circuit via the Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON).
T Stellate cells deliver acoustic information to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB), periolivary regions around the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO), and to the contralateral ventral lemniscal nuclei (VNLL) and inferior colliculus (IC).
We investigated responses of chicken nucleus magnocellularis (NM) neurons to sound while pharmacologically manipulating the inhibitory input from the Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON).
We examined membrane properties and synaptic responses of neurons in the mouse lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO).
The first auditory neurons that respond selectively to ITD are found in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO).
Previous studies have suggested that bilirubin can potentiate GABA/glycinergic synaptic transmission in lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus neurons, but the cellular mechanism has not been defined.
The putative human RTN is located ventral to the facial nucleus and lateral to the Superior Olivary Nucleus at the level of the pontomedullary junction..
Neurons in the chicken nucleus laminaris (NL), the third order auditory nucleus involved in azimuth sound localization, receive bilaterally segregated (ipsilateral vs contralateral) glutamatergic excitation from the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis and GABAergic inhibition from the ipsilateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON).
Although NM, NL, and NA have unique roles in auditory processing, the majority of inhibitory input to each nucleus arises from the same source, ipsilateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON).
Neurons in the chicken nucleus laminaris (NL), the third-order auditory neurons that detect the interaural time differences that enable animals to localize sounds in the horizontal plane, receive glutamatergic excitation from the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and GABAergic inhibition from the ipsilateral Superior Olivary Nucleus.
Binaural beats are played through headphones and are perceived by the Superior Olivary Nucleus of each hemisphere of the brain.
Further, recombination in non-serotonin neurons was visible in the choroid plexus, roof plate, and neural crest derivatives; by E15.5, recombination was found in the dorsal thalamus, cingulate cortex, CA3 field of the hippocampus, retinal ganglion cells, Superior Olivary Nucleus and cochlear nucleus.
The suppression of firing activity at the worst ITD in the low-best-frequency neurons required the activation of the Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON) and was eliminated by electrolytic lesions of the SON.
Changes in intensity of GAP-43 expression in the medial vestibular nucleus, Superior Olivary Nucleus, and torus semicircularis appeared correlated with stage-dependent functional changes in processing auditory stimuli.
Auditory evoked potentials indicated a left-side lesion between Superior Olivary Nucleus and superior colliculus.
The lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) is an auditory relay centre within the brain stem that encodes interaural level differences for sound localization by integrating GABA/glycinergic input from the contralateral ear via the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), and glutamatergic input from the ipsilateral ear via the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN).
Several nuclei of the ascending auditory pathway showed a moderate to high density of GABAergic neurons including the cochlear nuclei, nucleus laminaris, Superior Olivary Nucleus, mesencephalic nucleus lateralis pars dorsalis, and nucleus ovoidalis.
Binaural beats are auditory brainstem responses that originate in the Superior Olivary Nucleus as a result of different frequency auditory stimuli provided to each ear.
On the basis of patterns of anterograde, retrograde, and bi-directional transport of tracers from both the Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON) and the torus semicircularis (TS), we report anatomical changes in brainstem connectivity across metamorphic development in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana.
The pattern of change in cell proliferation in the torus semicircularis differs from that in the auditory medulla (dorsal medullary nucleus and Superior Olivary Nucleus), suggesting that cell proliferation in these distinct auditory nuclei is mediated by different underlying mechanisms..
The medial Superior Olivary Nucleus was present as a column of neurons. The lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus was characterized by a distinct nuclear shape.
In this study, CB-immunohistochemistry was used to examine 1-42 postnatal-day-old kitten and adult cat CNIC and anterograde tracers were used to label afferent projections from the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) to the CNIC at similar ages.
Using BrdU incorporation and immunohistochemistry, we quantify changes in cell proliferation in two key auditory brainstem nuclei, the dorsolateral nucleus and the Superior Olivary Nucleus, over the course of larval and early postmetamorphic development. Numbers of proliferating cells in the Superior Olivary Nucleus decrease during the late larval and deaf periods, and significantly increase during metamorphic climax.
Nucleus magnocellularis (NM), nucleus angularis (NA), and nucleus laminaris (NL), second- and third-order auditory neurons in the avian brainstem, receive GABAergic input primarily from the Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON).
All HRP-labeled neurons were distributed in the reticular areas dorsal and lateral to the Superior Olivary Nucleus and the facial nucleus, extending from the caudal half of the Superior Olivary Nucleus to the rostral 3/4 of the facial nucleus on the HRP-injected side. They were grouped into five clusters, namely lateral circumference of the Superior Olivary Nucleus, dorsal circumference of the Superior Olivary Nucleus, lateral circumference of the facial nucleus, dorsal circumference of the facial nucleus, and the DFA.
The avian auditory brain stem consists of a network of specialized nuclei, including nucleus laminaris (NL) and Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON).
One possible exception to this parallel organization is the inhibitory input provided by the Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON) to nucleus angularis (NA), nucleus magnocellularis (NM), and nucleus laminaris (NL) and contralateral SON (SONc).
Neurons of nucleus magnocellularis (NM), a division of avian cochlear nucleus that performs precise temporal encoding, receive glutamatergic excitatory input solely from the eighth nerve and GABAergic inhibitory input primarily from the ipsilateral Superior Olivary Nucleus.
A group of central auditory neurons residing in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) responds selectively to interaural level differences and may contribute to sound localization.
The largest group of OC neurons was comprised by small, intrinsic lateral OC neurons within the ipsilateral lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO), almost all of which (97%) were located ipsilaterally.
Glycinergic transmission shapes the coding properties of the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO).
In contrast, different expression patterns were observed between rClock and rPer1 or rPer2 in several brain regions, including the hypothalamic supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, the paraventricular zone of the caudate putamen, the Superior Olivary Nucleus, and anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary.
For instance, both convulsing agents decreased the amplitude and increased the latency of P4, that is the wave component of the ABRs generated in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus and while PTZ increased the latency of P3, the wave component of the ABRs generated in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus, 4-AP dramatically increased its amplitude.
The medial Superior Olivary Nucleus is formed by a sheet of parallel-oriented cells. The lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus lacked a distinct nuclear shape but was formed by several patches of rather irregularly arranged neurons.
Concerning MOC neurons, we confirm and extend previous observations on the clustering of these neurons near the rostral tip of the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus and also show that MOC neurons differ in size according to cell group.
In contrast, only diffuse neuropil label was visible in the dorsolateral nucleus and the Superior Olivary Nucleus at the same stages.
In the brain stem, secretin immunoreactivity was observed in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, in the Superior Olivary Nucleus, and in scattered cells of the reticular formation.
In the auditory system, inhibitory transmission from the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) to neurons of the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) undergoes activity-dependent long-term depression, and may be associated with developmental elimination of these synapses [ Sanes DH, Friauf E (2000). Review: development and influence of inhibition in the laterial Superior Olivary Nucleus.
Optical density (OD) measurements were made from individual neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and from medial and lateral dendritic fields in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO), the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus, and the inferior colliculus.
The initial processing of interaural intensity differences (IIDs), the major cue to the azimuthal location of high-frequency sounds in mammals, is carried out by neurons in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) that receive excitatory input from the ipsilateral ear and inhibitory input from the contralateral ear (IE neurons).
We used whole cell voltage clamp recordings from neurones in rat auditory brainstem slices to study the Ca(2+) channel types involved in triggering synaptic glutamate and glycine release in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus.
Neurons of the chick nucleus magnocellularis (NM) receive depolarizing GABAergic input from the Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON).
In 11/13 subjects, significant activation was found in the same slice contralaterally close to the floor of the 4th ventricle, corresponding to the expected region of the Superior Olivary Nucleus.
Anterograde and retrograde labeling methods showed that NM receives a prominent projection from the ipsilateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON).
Injections into the 5i and 5c produce dense anterograde labeling (1) in the dorsal medullary reticular field; (2) in the parvocellular reticular field, medially adjacent to the 5i; and (3) more rostral in the region dorsal and lateral to the Superior Olivary Nucleus.
Stained terminals were observed mainly in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus and in the superior paraolivary nucleus.
The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibition in shaping the excitatory frequency tuning of 74 neurons in the Superior Olivary Nucleus of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, was studied using iontophoretic application of the GABA(A) receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide. Results indicate that GABA-mediated inhibition not only sharpens the tuning curves of neurons but also plays a critical role in creating new frequency tuning properties in the Superior Olivary Nucleus.
The lesion was suspected of affecting ipsilateral side of the spinal trigeminal nerve tract and the nucleus, the intraaxial infranuclear facial nerve fiber, the lateral lemniscus adjacent to the Superior Olivary Nucleus and the central gustatory tract.
In the rat, the former is constituted by neurons located in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus, that project to the inner hair cells, while the later originates in the ventral nuclei of the trapezoid body and project to the outer hair cells.
Of particular interest is the stark contrast between high level expression of Kv1.1 and very low level expression of Kv3.1 in the octopus cell area of the cochlear nucleus and in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus.
Very dense immunostaining is observed in the Superior Olivary Nucleus, periolivary nucleus, facial motor nucleus and dorsal cochlear nucleus in hindbrain whereas light immunostaining is seen in forebrain and midbrain areas.
Local collateral projections from the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus in the gerbil auditory brainstem were examined to study the possible communication of this nucleus with periolivary cell groups.
The comparison with retrogradely labeled neurons showed that perikarya in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus and, in particular, the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body were double-labeled.
Of these, the majority (mean 787) were small, lateral olivocochlear neurons found almost exclusively within the ipsilateral lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus. The smallest group of olivocochlear neurons (mean 101) consisted of larger lateral olivocochlear neurons (shell neurons) which were located on the margins of the Superior Olivary Nucleus and which projected mainly (2.2:1) ipsilaterally.
But whereas GAP-43 mRNA is almost entirely lost in most of these nuclei in the adult animal, significant levels of this molecule are retained in the inferior colliculus and, most notably, in the lateral and medial Superior Olivary Nucleus.
In accordance with the literature, we observed neurons innervating the IC located in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) and dorsal periolivary groups (DPO) on both sides, in the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPO) predominantly ipsilateral, as well as in the ipsilateral medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO) and the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB).
(3) Neuronal cells in the Superior Olivary Nucleus were lost, and marked gliosis was found in the cochlear nucleus.
In the auditory brainstem, this expectation has been confirmed in neurons of the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO).
Neurons in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) respond to acoustic stimuli with the "chopper response", a regular repetitive firing pattern with a short and precise latency.
Located in the ventrolateral region of the avian brainstem, the Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON) receives inputs from nucleus angularis (NA) and nucleus laminaris (NL) and projects back to NA, NL, and nucleus magnocellularis (NM).
The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is one of three major nuclei of the superior olivary complex and provides an important inhibitory input from the contralateral ear to the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) in the initial binaural pathway for coding interaural intensity differences.
Perikarya stained by either method were found in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and in periolivary nuclei projecting to the cochlea, while terminals were observed mainly in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus and in the superior paraolivary nucleus.
Neurons of the avian cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis (NM), are stimulated by glutamate, released from the auditory nerve, and GABA, released from both interneurons surrounding NM and from cells located in the Superior Olivary Nucleus.
In the brainstem, neurons in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus and the anteroventral cochlear nucleus are transiently 5-HT immunolabeled.
The present report of calcium-binding proteins in the developing and adult superior olivary complex shows distinct distribution patterns for parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) of the developing ferret that correspond to distribution patterns for different projection cell types and neurotransmitters.
Injections of fluorogold restricted to the granule cell layer retrogradely labeled neurons in the ipsilateral lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus, in the periolivary region predominantly contralaterally, and in the inferior colliculus predominantly ipsilaterally.
The immunostaining in the medial and lateral superior olivary nuclei was observed as perineuronal nets around large principal neurons at the light-microscopic level, while no immunostaining was observed in the upper segment of the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus and the medial segment of the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus, in which medium-sized and small neurons were located.
The projections of lateral olivocochlear neurons (LOC), which terminate beneath inner hair cells (IHCs), were investigated by injecting biotinylated dextran amine into the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) and the surrounding region in the rat.
Nerve fibres and varicosities showing positive immuno-reactivity for both peptides were particularly dense immediately dorsal and lateral to the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) and dorsal to the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPN). The majority of cells in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) showed a prominent innervation by nerve terminals that stained positive for somatostatin only whereas the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO) was devoid of label for both peptides.
The degree of transneuronal atrophy was determined by measuring cell size at three levels of the brain stem auditory pathway (anteroventral cochlear nucleus, medial Superior Olivary Nucleus, and inferior colliculus).
The distribution and morphology of axons projecting from the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus were studied in the adult cat. Injections of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin, biocytin, or dextran-rhodamine in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus labeled axons that ascended in the lateral lemniscus. The spatial relationships of axonal domains of several axons labeled from a single injection in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus suggest a mosaic pattern in the laminar connections with the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus..
In contrast, calbindin D28k immunoreactivity levels by this time were higher in deafferented neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and their axons in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO).
Retrogradely labeled cells were found bilaterally in the brainstem ventromedial to the Superior Olivary Nucleus and to the ventral facial nucleus, and in the caudal pontine reticular formation between the dorsal facial nucleus and the abducens nerve root.
Positive fibers are abundant in the Superior Olivary Nucleus, the descending trigeminal, and the solitary tracts.
D beta H-positive cell bodies were found in the region of the ventral lateral lemniscus and immediately lateral and dorsal to the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus.
The development of the inferior collicular nucleus was similar to that of the ventral cochlear nucleus and the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus..
Cells expressing mRNA for glutamic acid decarboxylase were most prominent in the inferior colliculus, but were also present in all lower auditory brainstem nuclei, except the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus and medial nucleus of trapezoid body.
Enk-LI terminals are found around, but not within, the Superior Olivary Nucleus (SO) and the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, pars intermedia (LLi).
A comparable population of cells in the ipsilateral lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus was retrogradely labeled in cases with unilateral injections of tritiated glycine in the inferior colliculus. In postnatal ferrets, immunopositive cell bodies were first observed by postnatal day 7 and were distributed in regions comparable to regions in the adult, with the exception that immunopositive cells in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus did not appear until about postnatal day 28.
Temporal discharge patterns of neurons in the Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON) of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens pipiens) were studied by evaluating peri-stimulus time histograms and interspike interval histograms generated from responses to tone bursts at the neuron's characteristic frequency and at 10 dB above neuron's characteristic threshold.
The Superior Olivary Nucleus contained few such cells of similar size in its peripheral region.
PTHrP gene expression was highest in the supramamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus, medial Superior Olivary Nucleus, and in subpopulations of cells in the neostriatum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex.
Collateral projections of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons from the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) to the cochlea and cochlear nuclei in the guinea pigs were studied by injection of two retrograde fluorescent neuronal tracers.
No lagenar efferent neurons, however, were found near the Superior Olivary Nucleus where the ventrolateral group of cochlear efferents is located.
The development of the human medial Superior Olivary Nucleus was studied in serial sections of 10 fetuses at 12-35 weeks of gestation (WG), an infant at 2 months of age and an adult of 63 years using an electronic planimeter with a computer. Morphometric analysis suggested that the development of the human medial Superior Olivary Nucleus accelerates between 16 and 21 WG in terms of columnar lengths and volumes, neuronal sizes and circularity ratios, while it matures gradually in terms of the amount of Nissl bodies..
Numerous AChE-labeled somata were observed in caudal brainstem nuclei including the dorsolateral nucleus, Superior Olivary Nucleus, and superficial reticular nucleus.
Results from this study indicate that the majority of the GABAergic terminals found in NA, NM and NL originate from the Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON). Injections of cholera toxin and horseradish peroxidase show that Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON) neurons, which respond to pure tones, project bilaterally to NA, NM, and NL.
Retrograde tracing by fluorogold combined with GAL immunohistochemistry demonstrated that, except for the cells of the contralateral lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO), GAL-IR neurons project into the lesioned labyrinth..
Perineuronal nets were found in more than 100 brain regions, such as neocortex, hippocampus, piriform cortex, basal forebrain complex, dorsal lateral septal nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, reticular thalamic nucleus, zona incerta, deep parts of superior and inferior colliculus, red nucleus, substantia nigra, some tegmental nuclei, cerebellar nuclei, dorsal raphe and cuneiform nuclei, central gray, trochlear nucleus, pontine and medullar reticular nuclei, Superior Olivary Nucleus and vestibular nuclei.
Other relatively sparse, but distinct, projections of nucleus robustus were found to nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars medialis, to a narrow region between the Superior Olivary Nucleus and the spinal lemniscus, and to the rostral ventrolateral medulla.
The laterality of projections from the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) to the inferior colliculus was studied in adult and immature postnatal ferrets.
CGRP-IR fibers in the cochlea originated in the ipsilateral lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus.
The cochlea is innervated by two different systems: 1) the medial efferent system which originates in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and synapses on outer hair cells, 2) the lateral efferent system which originates in the Superior Olivary Nucleus and synapses on the dendrites of the auditory nerve under inner hair cells.
This area corresponds to the pontine respiratory group also known as the "pneumotaxic center." (2) The pontine area dorsolateral to the Superior Olivary Nucleus.
The effects of a reduction during development of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input on CNS neurones were studied in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) of the ferret following neonatal, unilateral cochlear removal.
We made small injections of horseradish peroxidase into the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO) of gerbils in order to examine the sources of input into that nucleus.
The dendritic morphology of cells in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus was studied with the Golgi method in adult and postnatal ferrets. The lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus in the adult ferret is a convoluted structure with an M-shape in frontal sections.
But in some brain stem structures such as the dorsal raphe, inferior colliculi, Superior Olivary Nucleus, and the vestibular nucleus there were large increases in CGF associated with a marked drop in the CBF/CGF ratio.
After HRP injections were made into the lingual nerve, retrogradely labeled SSN neurons were located in the lateral tegmental field medial to the spinal trigeminal nucleus from the middle level of the Superior Olivary Nucleus to the caudal level of the facial nucleus.
Response characteristics of 130 single neurons in the Superior Olivary Nucleus of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens pipiens) were examined to determine their selectivity to various behaviorally relevant temporal parameters [ rise-fall time, duration, and amplitude modulation (AM) rate] of acoustic signals.
In the superior olivary complex, labelling was reduced on the side contralateral to the lesioned ear in the medial dendritic field of the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus and in the nucleus of the trapezoid body.
The rostral GRN (rostral to the caudal Superior Olivary Nucleus) had higher proportion of bradycardiac loci than the caudal GRN.
Strongly- or moderately-labeled neurons were found in the cranial nuclei, sensory nuclei such as the spinal trigeminal nucleus, principal trigeminal nucleus, gracile and cuneate nuclei, dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei, Superior Olivary Nucleus, medial and lateral trapezoid nuclei, lateral lemniscus and vestibular nuclei, red nucleus, parabrachial area, cerebellar nuclei, dorsal tegmental nucleus, reticular formation and parafascicular nucleus.
In the present study, neuron counts were done on three key nuclei of the SOC: the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO), and the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO) in groups of Fischer 344 rats aged 3, 12, 24, and 30 months.
Particularly prominent are the neurons of the magnocellular division of the red nucleus, the large cells in the deep cerebellar nuclei and the vestibular nuclei and neurons of the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus.
Dendritic morphology and development in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus of the ferret were studied using the Golgi method. Horizontally oriented dendrites were observed even at birth for some cells in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus and bipolar dendritic fields were typical of most cells by the end of the second postnatal week.
However, the response is often contaminated with the cochlear microphonic (CM), reflecting the response of outer hair cells, rather than neural generators (i.e., auditory nerve, cochlear nucleus, Superior Olivary Nucleus, inferior colliculus, etc.).
Furthermore, in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus, there are 9% fewer neurons in the domestic form, but the neuron density has increased by 28%..
Principal cells of the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) are thought to receive a direct excitatory input from spherical bushy cells located in the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and an indirect input from the contralateral VCN globular bushy cells via a secure synapse in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB).
In contrast, the ventrolateral EE region receives projections from the ipsilateral medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO), VNLL, and INLL. The inputs to the EI region originate primarily from the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) bilaterally and from the ipsilateral INLL.
Areas examined included the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei which receive the primary afferents from the organ of Corti, the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus which has strong reciprocal relationships with the cochlear nucleus, and the successively more rostral projections of the auditory pathways to inferior colliculus, medial geniculate and auditory cortex.
The largest difference in 2-DG uptake between long- and short-term habituated rats was in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO).
Differences between the newborn and adult were a slight but significantly greater number of bilaterally-projecting cells in the newborn, and the presence in the newborn of a small number of cells located in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus contralateral to their target cochlea.
The trapezoid body and Superior Olivary Nucleus are required for binaural interaction at P4, N4 and P5..
The representation of ipsilateral space is found in the "core" of the ICc, a subdivision defined by the terminal field of nucleus laminaris, the avian analogue of the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus.
We searched for such a delay line in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus of anesthetized cats.
Intermediate amounts of protein 10 were found in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus and dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus with lesser amounts in telencephalic brain regions.
Previous reports have suggested that neurons of the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus in albino cats and rabbits are smaller than those in normally pigmented strains. In this investigation, the mean cross-sectional areas of neuronal perikarya in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus of pigmented and albino ferrets were compared at juvenile (14 weeks) and adult (greater than six months) ages.
A retrograde tracing study in the mole using wheat germ-agglutinated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) indicated that the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO) projects to the inferior colliculus (IC) bilaterally.
Of HRP-labeled nerve cells found in the brainstem, about 60% and 10% were located in the ipsilateral lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) and the contralateral ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VTB), respectively.
Labeled neurons were localized in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) and ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB).
The results were as follows: a) ipsilateral dominance in human auditory tract in terms of the origin of ABR waves, b) delayed latency time of wave II which was supposed to be based on an influence upon the ipsilateral Superior Olivary Nucleus, c) that of wave III upon the ipsilateral lateral lemniscus, d) four cases of them showed an improvement of I-III interpeak latency time, which suggested the decompressive effect on caudal aspect of pons..
After 6 to 13 weeks, consistent with functional neuroanatomy of central auditory regions, incorporation was reduced by 6 to 9% in the left cochlear nucleus and left lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus, compared with corresponding right-side regions. The right medial Superior Olivary Nucleus, medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, lateral lemniscus nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and auditory cortex had 5 to 9% less incorporation than did corresponding left-side regions.
The greatest number of labelled neurons was found in the cochlear nuclei contralateral to the injection site, the ipsilateral medial Superior Olivary Nucleus, both lateral superior olivary nuclei, the ipsilateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, both dorsal nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and the contralateral inferior colliculus.
This improvement reached statistical significance in five of the 21 structures studied: the auditory cortex, medial geniculate body, Superior Olivary Nucleus, and lateral geniculate body ipsilateral to the lesion, and the mammillary body.
Particularly, fibers from the posterior branch enter the Superior Olivary Nucleus.
Most labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO), although both ventral nuclei of the trapezoid body (VTB), group E, and the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (CPR) just adjacent to the ascending limb of the facial nerve also contained labeled cells.
Injection of [ 3H]-gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) into the perilymphatic space of the rat's inner ear resulted in retrograde labeling of a portion of the small efferent olivocochlear neurons within the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO).
In this study the organization of the projection from the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) to the inferior colliculus was investigated in the cat by using anterograde tract-tracing techniques.
In the cat, immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem are located in the hilus of the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus and around its margins. In the rat, immunoreactive neurons are located within the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus proper.
The INT neurons formed a thin shell over the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) and their dendrites extended into the body and hilar region.
Significant binding was observed in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus, the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus, and the inferior colliculus.
Polyclonal antibodies were made in rabbits against glycine conjugated to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde and were used for immunocytochemical studies in the cochlear nucleus and Superior Olivary Nucleus of the guinea-pig.
This type of immunoreactivity is found in a restricted portion of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc), in the anterior division of the ventral lateral lemniscal complex (VLVA), and in the Superior Olivary Nucleus (SO), all of which have been shown by anterograde transport of 3H-proline to be innervated by NL.
Five morphologically distinct classes of neurons can be identified within the neuropil of the gerbil lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) by using a variety of histological techniques and electron microscopy.
Twenty-four hours after cochlear perfusion with D-ASP, labeled neurons were observed in the ipsilateral, and to a much lesser extent in the contralateral, lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO).
However, the total number of neurones found (mean of 1234 projecting to each cochlea) was significantly greater than that reported using horseradish peroxidase, largely as a result of more small labelled neurones being detected within the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus ipsilateral to the injected cochlea.
In addition to the areas in which they have been known to exist, CHAT-I perikarya were found in the caudal portion of substantia nigra pars reticulata, the area between trigeminal motor nucleus and Superior Olivary Nucleus, the medial and spinal vestibular nucleus, prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, raphe magnus and obscurus, ventromedial portion of solitary tract nucleus and its just ventral reticular formation, and caudal trigeminal spinal tract nucleus..
Perikarya immunoreactive to DBH were found throughout the VLM extending from approximately the spinomedullary junction to the level of the Superior Olivary Nucleus. In the rostral VLM DBH neurons formed three distinct groups: one group was found in the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis in the region just ventromedial to the retrofacial nucleus (RFN) near the ventrolateral surface of the medulla; the second group was found in the region dorsomedial to the rostral aspects of the nucleus ambiguous and the RFN, and the third group was found in the region along the lateral aspect of the Superior Olivary Nucleus. The location, size, shape, and numbers of PNMT-immunoreactive neurons corresponded closely to the rostral groups of DBH neurons, with the exception of the group found along the lateral aspect of the Superior Olivary Nucleus. These data indicate that noradrenaline-synthesizing neurons are primarily found in the caudal VLM and in the region near the Superior Olivary Nucleus, whereas catecholamine neurons in the rostral VLM between these two noradrenergic cell groups synthesize adrenaline.
DYN B cell bodies were present in nonpyramidal cells of neo- and allocortices, medium-sized cells of the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, lateral part of the central nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, preoptic area, and in sectors of nearly every hypothalamic nucleus and area, medial pretectal area, and nucleus of the optic tract, periaqueductal gray, raphe nuclei, cuneiform nucleus, sagulum, retrorubral nucleus, peripeduncular nucleus, lateral terminal nucleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, parabigeminal nucleus, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus, superior paraolivary nucleus, medial Superior Olivary Nucleus, ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body, lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus, accessory trigeminal nucleus, solitary nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, paratrigeminal nucleus, area postrema, lateral reticular nucleus, and ventrolateral region of the reticular formation.
The medial Superior Olivary Nucleus receives input only from the anterior and posterodorsal subdivisions of the anterior division of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AA and APD, respectively; Brawer, Morest, and Kane: J. Like the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus, the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus receives inputs from AA and APD. In addition, the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus receives projections from the posterior subdivision (AP) of the anterior division and also from the posterior division of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. The projections to the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus are bilateral, whereas the projections to the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus are almost entirely ipsilateral. One implication of the results is that the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus receives inputs from only one cell type--the spherical bushy cell--but that, at the least, two cell types project to the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus.
The Superior Olivary Nucleus and inferior colliculus (auditory structures) were the only structures which did not show changes in glucose utilization.
An HRP study of the frog's Superior Olivary Nucleus (SON) revealed that it (1) receives reciprocal tonotopic projections from dorsal medullary nuclei and principal nuclei of the torus semicircularis (TS) bilaterally; (2) receives bilateral projections from caudalis nuclei and brainstem reticular nuclei, and unilateral projections from the ipsilateral ventral tegmental nuclei and the contralateral SON; (3) is reciprocally connected with the ipsilateral laminar and magnocellular nuclei of the TS, dorsal tegmental nuclei and the posterior thalamic nucleus; (4) projects directly to the ipsilateral central thalamic nucleus..
Anomalies in the auditory brainstem evoked response of albino cats were correlated with anatomical defects in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO) of the same animals.
Such cells were found at the same locations described in 1983 by White and Warr (ipsilateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO), bilateral latero-ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LTz) bilateral group E medial and lateral to the genu facialis) and, in addition, bilaterally in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (CPR) at the level of the descending facial nerve.
After injection of biotin-wheat germ agglutinin (b-WGA) into the cochlea, CGRPI neurons in the ipsilateral lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus also contained b-WGA granules.
Small neurons from the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus project to the inner hair cell area in a predominantly homolateral fashion, making almost exclusively synaptic contacts with the afferent dendrites associated with the inner hair cells.
The A5 cell group lies dorsal, lateral and caudal to Superior Olivary Nucleus.
Previous studies suggest that the principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) give rise to the projection from MNTB to the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) of the same side, where they mediate rapid inhibitory effects of contralateral sound stimulation. Following injections of tritiated leucine into MNTB, labeled axons reached LSO by passing ventral to, dorsal to, and through the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus, and gave rise to labeling around the somata and proximal dendrites of LSO fusiform cells.
The Superior Olivary Nucleus was the only one of the 28 structures showing a significant reduction in rCMRgl following anesthesia and HBO.
The following neuronal systems were strongly labeled by the antiserum; the Purkinje cell system, mammillotegmental system, habenulointerpeduncular system, the second layer of the superior colliculus, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra pars lateralis, area medial to the medial geniculate body, parabrachial area, dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, pontine reticular formation just medial to the trigeminal principal nucleus, Superior Olivary Nucleus, solitarii nucleus, external layer of the inferior colliculus and spinal trigeminal nucleus.
After wheat-germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase injections in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus anterograde label was observed bilaterally in the medial superior olivary nuclei. Likewise, after injections in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus anterograde label was observed in the contralateral medial and lateral superior olivary nuclei.
Large numbers of small labelled neurones were found within the body of the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) ipsi-lateral to the injected cochlea.
Continuous 4-h exposure to 2 ATA O2 resulted in significant increases only in Superior Olivary Nucleus and inferior colliculus. Statistically significant reductions in rCMRgl of the oxygen-exposed rats were observed in Superior Olivary Nucleus and inferior colliculus, while no changes were observed in 26 other investigated structures.
The synaptic organization of the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus of the cat was analyzed under the electron microscope.
Moreover, an extremely large population of labeled cells occurred within the cell mass of the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus (LSO) ipsilaterally to the injection site.
Neurons in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO) of albinos were, on average, 41% smaller than in pigmented animals; there was no overlap in the neuronal size distributions for the two groups of animals.
Statistically significant increases in glucose utilization (p less than 0.05) are seen only in lateral thalamus at 3 atmospheres oxygen, in Superior Olivary Nucleus and inferior colliculus at 2 atmospheres oxygen and in Superior Olivary Nucleus at 1 atmosphere oxygen.
The largest concentration of HRP-labelled cells was usually observed in the ipsilateral Superior Olivary Nucleus. Topographic organisation of the pathways ascending to the colliculus was expressed in the cochlear nuclei, lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus and in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus.
An indistinct dorso-lateral nucleotopic projection was found between the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus and the central nucleus.
Features of the organization of the efferent axonal projections from the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO) in the cat were studied.
The lateral OC system has cell bodies lateral to the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO) and projects to the inner hair cell (IHC) region bilaterally (mostly ipsilaterally).
Lesions of the lateral portion of the pons adjacent to the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus were accompanied by attenuation of P4 to ipsilateral input.
Additionally, the effects of the lesions on enzyme activities in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus and ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body, and in the facial, motor trigeminal, and spinal trigeminal nuclei were examined.
Nucleus magnocellularis and nucleus laminaris in the avian brainstem contain second- and third-order auditory neurons thought to be homologous to the mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus and medial Superior Olivary Nucleus, respectively.
In the frog, most neurons in the primary (dorsal medullary nucleus, DMN) and secondary (Superior Olivary Nucleus, SO) auditory nuclei have V-shaped tuning curves, almost as narrowly tuned as those recorded in the nerve.
Assuming, along with most authors, that the II-III interval represents mainly the cochlear nucleus--trapezoid body--Superior Olivary Nucleus path, the ipsi-contra asymmetry suggests either morphological and/or functional asymmetry of the paths corresponding to the interval.
The results show changes of local cerebral glucose utilization in some discrete brain regions, ipsilateral to the side of inoculation, and their sequential spreading to other cerebral structures with a definite order: left anterior thalamus, left posterior thalamus, then medial geniculate body (ipsilateral, then controlateral), and finally some brainstem nuclei (inferior colliculus, Superior Olivary Nucleus); the inoculated striatum is affected very late, after clinical signs.
Cells of origin were observed in the locus coeruleus, the subcoeruleus, the medial and lateral parabrachial, and the Kölliker-Fuse nuclei, as well as adjacent to the Superior Olivary Nucleus.
The labeled neurons are located in both the ventral and dorsal divisions of the VII nerve nucleus, in a lateral and ventral position respectively, facing the Superior Olivary Nucleus.
The present study seeks to identify neurotransmitters mediating binaural inhibition in lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus neurons. These findings suggest that glycine may be a neurotransmitter mediating binaural inhibition in certain SOC neurons and that the projection to the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus from the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body may be glycinergic..
Nine neuronal types were significantly smaller (P less than 0.01) on the left side: spiral ganglion neurons; globular, small spherical, large spherical, octopus, multipolar, and granule cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus; Purkinje-like cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus; and spindle cells of the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus. Right and left sides were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05) for the following neuronal types: fusiform cells and coarse- and fine-Nissl deep cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, and rostral bipolar cells of the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus.
Only the inferior colliculus, Superior Olivary Nucleus and lateral habenula were unaffected by the seizures.
Dendritic arborization pattern, spatial and synaptic relations of various neuron types and the terminal distribution of afferent axons of various origin were studied in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus of the cat using Golgi, degeneration, electron microscope and horseradish peroxidase techniques.
Brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) were delayed, pointing towards lesions between cochlear nerve and Superior Olivary Nucleus and also at lateral lemniscal level.
In the pons, fluorescent cells were found in locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus and in association with the Superior Olivary Nucleus.
In addition, cells and axons in nucleus laminaris, the presumed homologue of the mammalian medial Superior Olivary Nucleus, are also described.
Correlated studies of the ear and brainstem in deaf and hearing white cats have demonstrated early and progressive changes both peripherally and centrally, including organ of Corti degeneration, loss of spiral ganglion cells and auditory nerve fibers and decrease of neuronal size in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO).
These cell groups included the nucleus locus coeruleus, the nucleus subcoeruleus, the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, and the region dorsal and lateral to the Superior Olivary Nucleus.
This holds also for the organization of the superior olivary complex where a well-developed medial Superior Olivary Nucleus was found.
Binaural response properties of single neurons in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus (MSO) were investigated in the anesthetized rat.
About 40% of the total number of labeled neurons, a remarkable quantity, occurred in the ipsilateral lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus.
The highest metabolic effects were seen in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus, and in the inferior colliculus.
In the lateral trapezoid nucleus peak production time is day E12; in the medial Superior Olivary Nucleus, day E13; in the medial trapezoid nucleus, day E15; and in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus, day E16. These mirror-image gradients were also seen intranuclearly in the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus and the medial trapezoid nucleus. The cytogenetic gradients could not be related to tonotopic representation; however, they could be related to the lateral location of ipsilateral cochlear nucleus input to the lateral Superior Olivary Nucleus and the medial location of the contralateral cochlear nucleus input to the medial trapezoid nucleus..
Locally, significant depression was observed in the following structures: frontal and visual cortices, hippocampus Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus, medial and lateral geniculate bodies, nucleus accumbens, caudate-putamen, substantia nigra, pontine gray matter, superior colliculus, Superior Olivary Nucleus, vestibular nucleus, lateral lemniscus and cerebellar cortex.
Electron microscopic analysis of the perikaryal surfaces of central and marginal cells in the cat medial Superior Olivary Nucleus has revealed three differences in their relationships with synaptic terminals.
The medium-sized multipolar neurons whose cell bodies were filled with HRP were located in the lateral reticular formation at the level between the facial motor nucleus and the Superior Olivary Nucleus.
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