The ventrolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTvl) receives direct input from two specific subpopulations of neurons in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). 
The expression of VEGF was evaluated by immunocytochemistry in the central respiratory areas, i.e., the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the ventrolateral medulla (VLM).
Using immunohistochemistry, PPARgamma distribution and its co-localization with neuron-specific protein markers were investigated in rat and mouse brain sections spanning the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
The first synaptic target in the CNS for the cough-related sensory input is the secondorder neurons in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS); these neurons reorganize the primary sensory information into a coherent output.
Whole cell patch clamp recordings were made from neurons of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in thin rat brainstem slices.
The information from those receptors reaches the Nucleus tractus solitarius and then the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), known to have a crucial role on the regulation of cardiovascular function.
In the present study, we microinjected AM2 into the rat Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), the central termination site of baroreceptor afferents.
GABAergic neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) are driven by baroreceptor inputs relayed via the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and they inhibit neurons in rostral ventrolateral medulla to reduce sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial pressure (AP).
This study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that NGF and BDNF interfere with angiotensin-II- and glutamate-induced facilitation of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (VDCCs) in Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons.
The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the caudal medulla is a gateway for a variety of cardiopulmonary afferents important for homeostatic regulation and defense against airway and cardiovascular insults and is a key central target potentially mediating the response habituation to these inputs.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediate numerous visceral functions via medullary catecholamine (CA) neurons found in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), and ventrolateral medulla (VLM).
Using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings and immunohistochemistry in brainstem slices containing anatomically identified second-order lung afferent Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons, we determined whether extended SHS exposure during the equivalent period of human childhood modified evoked or spontaneous excitatory synaptic transmission, and whether those modifications were altered by endogenous substance P.
Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and abdominal perivagal lidocaine administration, or lidocaine injection into the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) prevented LPS hypotension.
In particular, NE signaling from the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) to the extended amygdala, along with increased CRF transmission within the extended amygdala, are critical for the aversiveness of acute opiate withdrawal as well as stress-induced relapse of drug-seeking for opiates, cocaine, ethanol, and nicotine.
To confirm the role of reactive oxygen species in the RVLM or the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in SHRSP, we transfected adenovirus vectors encoding the manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) gene (AdMnSOD) or Cu/Zn-SOD gene (AdCu/ZnSOD) bilaterally into the RVLM or the NTS.
After ipsilateral injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the ventrolateral subnucleus of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (vlNTS) and Fluoro-gold (FG) into the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) region or into the phrenic nucleus (PhN) region in the rat, an overlapping distribution of BDA-labeled axon terminals and FG-labeled neurons was found in the Kölliker-Fuse (KF) nucleus ipsilateral to the injection sites.
The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is known to plays a major role in the regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, hepatic and swallowing functions.
The carotid body receptors information, is initially processed within the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and elicits changes in circulating glucose and brain glucose uptake.
The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brainstem is a key nucleus for immune-to-brain signalling.
In response to OVA stimulation, the amount of c-Fos and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) increased, while that of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) decreased in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
Our previous studies have shown that morphine withdrawal increases the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity, which is dependent on a hyperactivity of noradrenergic pathways (Nucleus tractus solitarius-A(2)) innervating the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase has been implicated in drug addiction, but its role in activation of paraventricular nucleus and Nucleus tractus solitarius during morphine dependence remain poorly understood. We show that naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases(1/2) and increases c-Fos expression in rat paraventricular nucleus and Nucleus tractus solitarius-A(2) neurons.
These cardiovascular effects may have resulted by action of this peptide in the baroreceptor centre of the Nucleus tractus solitarius.
The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is the central integration site of baroreceptor and chemoreceptor sensory afferent fibers.
Then we further demonstrated the applicability of Fast CChIP in determining hypertension-induced pCREB binding at the c-fos gene promoter in the rat Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), confirming CREB's role in mediating hypertension-induced c-fos expression.
Systemic GR73632 increased Fos expression in the enteric nerve plexi, the medial subnucleus of Nucleus tractus solitarius, and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, but not the area postrema.
The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) integrates visceral sensory signals with information from the forebrain to control homeostatic functions, including food intake.
Baroreceptor afferents project to the cardiovascular region of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (cvNTS), and their cvNTS target neurons may play a role in governing the sensitivity and operating range of the arterial baroreceptor reflex (baroreflexes). The results point to the multivariate complexity of the response and implicate a group of receptors as candidates for mediating Nucleus tractus solitarius baroreflex function in hypertension by identifying concurrent upregulation of receptor genes.
8-OH-DPAT also caused significant amplitude decrease of the GABAergic currents evoked by stimulation of the Nucleus tractus solitarius.
The increases in the MAP and GSNA induced by chemical stimulation of the PVN were significantly exaggerated by bilateral microinjections of d(-)-2-amino-7-phosphono-heptanoic acid (d-AP7) and 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-benzo[ f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide disodium (NBQX) (ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists) into the medial subnucleus of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (mNTS).
In the central nervous system, EM-immunoreactive (IR) neuronal cell bodies are located mainly in the hypothalamus and the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
Immunoreactivities for Kir1.1 and Kir2.3 were observed in the nerve cell bodies and glial cells both in the chemosensory areas [ Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), nucleus raphe obscurus (RO), pre-Bötzinger complex (PreBötC)] and non-chemosensory area [ hypoglossal nucleus (XII), inferior olive nucleus (IO)].
A distinct diffusion barrier between the area postrema (AP, a CVO) and the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) was illustrated by immunohistochemistry at both the light and electron microscopic levels.
We also determined the central action of the mGluR8a agonist S-3,4-DCPG (DCPG) on Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons with gastric mechanosensory input in vivo.
Noradrenergic projections originating from the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the locus coeruleus (LC) have previously been shown to be important neural substrates involved in the somatic expression of opiate withdrawal.
During hypoxia, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release within the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) modulates the magnitude of the ventilatory response.
Cranial visceral afferents, which innervate the heart and lungs, synapse centrally onto neurons within the medial portion of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
The caudal Nucleus tractus solitarius (cNTS), which plays a key role in respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function, contains GABAergic neurons for regulation of neuronal firing.
Using an immature animal model, the postnatal day (P)-3 (P3) rat pup, we investigated the effects of HI on brainstem catecholamine neurons in the locus coeruleus, Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and ventrolateral medulla (VLM).
Both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors have been described in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), which receives direct afferent projections of cardiovascular reflexes.
In the brainstem, disinhibition of the DMH increased Fos expression in the Nucleus tractus solitarius and the ventrolateral medulla bilaterally with greater increases again ipsilateral to the site of the microinjection, and also in the midline rostral raphe pallidus.
Results showed that TASK-1 mRNAs were widely distributed on the putative central chemoreceptors such as locus coeruleus, Nucleus tractus solitarius and medullary raphe, etc.
METHODS: Extracellular single-unit recordings were carried out in Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of rats after infusion of glucose, insulin via jugular venous and electroacupuncture at auricular concha, observing responses of glucose-sensitive neurons and insulin-sensitive neurons in NTS to electroacupuncture stimulation at auricular concha.
BACKGROUND: The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is the primary integrative center for baroreflex.
Tachykinins (substance P, neurokinin A and neurokinin B) influence autonomic functions by modulating neuron activity in Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) through activation of neurokinin receptors NK1 and NK3.
In contrast to the effects on circulating cytokines, the LPS-induced elevation of IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha mRNA expression in the hippocampus, PFC and Nucleus tractus solitarius was diminished in animals that had experienced the regrouping stressor.
For example, the satiating potency of intraduodenal lipid infusions is increased by E2 in ovariectomized rats; this increased satiation is dependent on CCK, and it is accompanied by increases in the numbers of ERalpha-positive cells that express c-Fos in a subregion of the caudal Nucleus tractus solitarius (cNTS) that receives abdominal vagal afferent projections.
Rats received an anorexigenic dose of PYY(3-36), and the number of neurons expressing Fos, an indicator of neuronal activation, was determined in anterior hypothalamus (AH), arcuate nucleus (ARC), dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), lateral hypothalamus (LH), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), area postrema (AP), and caudal medial Nucleus tractus solitarius (cmNTS), commissural NTS (cNTS), and gelatinosus NTS (gNTS).
GALP also induced c-Fos expression in the supraoptic nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypothalamus and Nucleus tractus solitarius in rats but not in mice.
In the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), glutamatergic excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by stimulation of N.
Satiety signals, including cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), originate from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract during a meal and, through the vagus nerve, reach the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the caudal brainstem.
Stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve or a vasodepressor site within the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) resulted in a membrane hyperpolarization, decrease in cell input resistance and long-lasting cessation of neuronal firing in SPN including a sub-population which had cardiac-modulated patterns of activity patterns.
To assess the effects of AA in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) on the ventilatory response to hypoxia at 1 and 2 wk of age, inhibitory and excitatory AA were sampled by microdialysis in unanesthetized and chronically instrumented piglets.
Conversely, neuron activation by local application of D,L-homocysteic acid into B3 region caused baroreflex inhibition that was suppressed by microinjection of granisetron (a 5-HT(3) antagonist) into the Nucleus tractus solitarius.
Preemptive SCS likewise reduced c-Fos expression in the T4 spinal cord (laminae I-V) and Nucleus tractus solitarius but increased expression in the intermediolateral cell column of T4 compared with CoAO alone.
The presence of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) containing processes, projecting from the lateral hypothalamus to the medial Nucleus tractus solitarius (mNTS), has been reported in the rat. Direct application of MCH (0.5 mM; 4 nl) to barosensitive Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons increased their firing rate.
The effect of MCAO on autonomic tone was assessed by monitoring vagal and renal efferent nerve activities before and following systemic administration of either estrogen or saline and the bilateral microinjection of the estrogen receptor antagonist, ICI 182, 780, into several autonomic nuclei (the intrathecal space of the spinal cord, Nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus, rostral ventrolateral medulla, parabrachial nucleus, central nucleus of the amygdala or ventral posteromedial thalamus). The presence of ICI 182, 780 in the intrathecal space of the spinal cord, nucleus ambiguous, Nucleus tractus solitarius, rostral ventrolateral medulla, parabrachial nucleus, or central nucleus of the amygdala prior to the administration of estrogen resulted in a significant attenuation (ranging from 79% to 94 %) in the estrogen-induced recovery of autonomic function following MCAO.
Microinjection of opioid receptor agonists into the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) has differential effects on cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal responses.
The total number of c-Fos immunopositive cells was counted in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM).
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the effects of circulating ANG II on the baroreflex also depend on AT1 receptors within the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
In mice killed 24 h later (3 d after injection), GFP-expressing cells were identified (in order of density) in the raphe nuclei, periaqueductal grey, locus coeruleus, Nucleus tractus solitarius, and area postrema. Dual-label immunofluorescence experiments in 3-d postinjection mice demonstrated that 100% of GFP-expressing neurons in the raphe were positive for tryptophan hydroxylase, whereas 100% and approximately 50% of GFP neurons in the locus coeruleus and Nucleus tractus solitarius, respectively, expressed tyrosine hydroxylase.
The effect of estradiol on intraduodenal Intralipid-induced satiation was mirrored by selective increases in the number of cells expressing c-Fos immunoreactivity in a circumscribed region of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), just caudal to the area postrema (cNTS) but not elsewhere in the NTS or the hypothalamic paraventricular or arcuate nuclei.
Our previous studies have shown that naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal increases the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity, which is dependent on a hyperactivity of noradrenergic pathways [ Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) A(2)] innervating the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN).
In the CNS, cell bodies for POMC are mainly located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the Nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem.
Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we aimed to correlate the influence of sensory vagal afferent fibers with the functional organization of mGluRs on the synaptic connections between the Nucleus tractus solitarius and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.
However, PMX53 did not alter LPS-induced responses in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, Nucleus tractus solitarius and ventrolateral medulla.
Projections from the InM to the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) were studied electrophysiologically in rat brainstem slices.
In the Nucleus tractus solitarius, HSP70 levels enhance the sensitivity of sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system to attenuate heat stroke-induced cerebral ischemia and hypotension.
New data adduced over the past 10 years indicate that the peripheral febrigenic message is conveyed to the VMPO via a neural rather than a humoral route, specifically by the vagus to the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NST), and that the peripheral trigger is PGE(2), not cytokines; vagal afferents express PGE(2) receptors (EP(3)).
Relevant cellular effects include: the inhibition of neurotransmitter release in the Nucleus tractus solitarius and in peripheral adrenergic neurons; regulation of NOS activity in vascular beds; inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell excitability; regulation of endothelial cell migration and proliferation; and effects on immune cell proliferation, activation, and inflammatory functions.
In view of the involvement of the main brainstem visceral component of the vagus, the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), in modulating central pattern generators (CPGs) linked to both olive complex pathway and swallowing, improvement is likely to be VNS related.
Our first aim was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the hypotensive response elicited by 5-HT(2) receptor activation in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
Mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists profoundly influence digestive and other autonomic functions by modulating neurons in Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV).
The decrease in the number of c-Fos positive nuclei occurred particularly in the caudal ventrolateral medulla, the medial, intermediate and central parts of the Nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, ventromedial preoptic area, central amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and to a lesser extent in the ventrolateral part of the Nucleus tractus solitarius and rostral ventrolateral medulla.
The Nucleus tractus solitarius is known to play a major role in the regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, hepatic and swallowing functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acetylcholine (Ach) on VDCC currents (I(Ca)) in the Nucleus tractus solitarius using patch-clamp recording methods. These results indicate that ACh inhibits N-type and P/Q-type VDCCs via Gi-protein betagamma subunits mediated by M2 receptors in Nucleus tractus solitarius..
Here we now report the inhibitory effect of PDGF-BB on the AMPA receptor function in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) by using slice patch-clamp techniques.
In morphine pellet-implanted mice, MOR-stimulated [ (35)S]GTPgammaS binding was significantly reduced only in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and spinal cord dorsal horn in tissue sections from morphine pellet-implanted mice.
Accumulated evidence indicates that not only somatosensory afferents, but also inputs from central command projecting to the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the dorsal brainstem may mediate inhibition of excitatory neurotransmission on barosensitive neurons.
The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), which receives afferent input from baroreceptors, has an important role in cardiovascular regulation.
Our results showed GAD65 and GAD67 mRNAs were widely expressed throughout the brainstem; quantification revealed increased GAD65 mRNA expression in LCR animals in the caudal Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (VLM) as compared to HCR rats.
Highly specific GLP-1 receptors have been identified in the heart and within the central nervous system, particularly in the Nucleus tractus solitarius, a neuromodulatory centre of cardiovascular control.
We present evidence for the induction of a novel form of homeostatic plasticity in this reflex pathway in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), the site of termination of the chemosensory afferent fibers.
Temperature changes following non-convulsive seizures might be induced by gene upregulation occurring in the hypothalamus, the Nucleus tractus solitarius, or in other brain regions, producing a local inflammatory response.
NADPH oxidase-generated superoxide can modulate crucial intracellular signaling cascades in neurons of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), a brain region that plays an important role in cardiovascular processes.
In the present study, we examined the effects of codeine on synaptic transmission in second-order neurons of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), which is the first central relay site receiving tussigenic afferent fibers, by using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in guinea-pig brainstem slices.
To support a neuroanatomical and an I1-signaling selectivity of ethanol, and to circumvent the confounding effects of anesthesia, the dose-related neurochemical and blood pressure effects of ethanol were investigated in the presence of selective pharmacological interventions that cause reduction in the activity of RVLM or Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) NE neurons via local activation of the I1 or the alpha2-adrenergic receptor in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mechanical ventilation (MV) on inherent breathing and on dorsal brainstem Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) respiratory cell function.
Nearly all central nerve terminals of vagal afferents are in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), where they operate with a high probability of release [ Doyle MW, Andresen MC (2001) Reliability of monosynaptic sensory transmission in brain stem neurons in vitro.
These significant reductions in PNA and BP and elongation of TE were totally abolished by the pre-treatment of the AVP V(1A) receptor antagonist and by application of lidocaine or CoCl2 at the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
Centrally, cough is regulated at the level of the brainstem through integration of vagal afferent nerve input by relay neurones in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS).
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Central 5-HT-containing pathways are known to be important in cardiovascular regulation and a crucial area for this regulation is the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), which contains many of the known 5-HT receptor subtypes.
The role of vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic (VPergic and OTergic, respectively) projections to the brain stem in the modulation of heart rate control is discussed on the basis of both changes in the peptide content of the dorsal brain stem (DBS) and functional effects following reflex- and exercise-induced activation in the presence and/or absence of receptor blockade within the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and/or peripheral autonomic block.
Studies show that forebrain ventricular leptin delivery increases the inhibitory effects of gastrointestinal (GI) stimulation on intake and amplifies the electrophysiological response to gastric distension in neurons of the medial subnucleus of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (mNTS).
In Nembutal anaesthetised, spontaneously breathing rats, stereotaxic mapping of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) for respiratory neuronal activity was undertaken.
The dorsal vagal complex (DVC), an integrative center of autonomic functions located dorsally in the caudal brainstem, comprises the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), the area postrema (AP), and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMNX).
A subset of neurons within the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) shows c-Fos activation during prolonged sodium deprivation in rats.
Staining was intense in cells and/or puncta in the rostral and caudal ventrolateral medullary reticular formation, Nucleus tractus solitarius and the caudal vestibular nuclear complex.
Specifically, preloads of corn oil increased the number of CFLI cells in the caudal Nucleus tractus solitarius significantly more than preloads of mineral oil.
Higher thresholds at anterior sites, with no possible traumatic injury relationship, suggested that neurophysiological convergence between dental somatosensory and taste pathways - possibly in the Nucleus tractus solitarius - could be responsible for these relative decreases of taste sensitivity when dental afferences were lacking.
The mechanisms included enhanced reactivity of the peripheral sensory neurones and second-order neurones in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
We observed that although the majority of A2 neurons were both TH- and DbetaH-IR, a small percentage of Nucleus tractus solitarius neurons were TH-IR only, suggesting that DA itself may play role in these circuits.
In addition, Fos-IR neurons were found in the central cardiovasuclar regulation centers, such as the hypothalamus supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and rostral ventromedulla (RVLM).
In the commissural part of the Nucleus tractus solitarius, no alpha-MSH-containing cell bodies were found to have ChAT or VAChT immunoreactivity.
Microinjection of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid B-subtype receptor agonist baclofen into the Nucleus tractus solitarius increases arterial blood pressure and sympathetic nerve discharge. We investigated the postsynaptic effect of baclofen on second-order baroreceptor neurons, identified by 1,1'-dilinoleyl-3,3,3',3'-tetra-methylindocarbocyanine, 4-chlorobenzenesulphonate labeling of the aortic nerve, in Nucleus tractus solitarius slices from sham-operated normotensive and unilateral nephrectomized, renal-wrap hypertensive rats. Baclofen induced a net outward current in Nucleus tractus solitarius neurons in the presence of 1 micromol/L tetrodotoxin. The results suggest an enhanced postsynaptic response to activation of inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid B-subtype receptors in second-order baroreceptor neurons in the Nucleus tractus solitarius in renal-wrap hypertensive rats.
In contrast, Fos expression in stress-associated brain areas, including the ventral lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (VL-BNST), central nucleus of the amygdala (CE), and noradrenergic (A2) neurons in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) was significantly elevated only in morphine-abstinent animals.
We have shown recently that cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8s) increases glutamate release from nerve terminals onto neurons of the Nucleus tractus solitarius pars centralis (cNTS).
Although reduced, pressor and sympathoexcitatory responses due to inhibition of the CVLM with GABA persisted following ipsilateral RVLM GABA(A) receptor blockade (bicuculline, BIC, 400 pmol, 100 nl; n=12) in rats with contralateral Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) lesion.
Central among these targets are the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM).
The noradrenergic projections from brainstem Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) to hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and amygdala (AMYG) are involved in nicotine-related stress responses and drug craving.
Endogenous angiotensin (ANG) II and ANG-(1-7) act at the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) to differentially modulate neural control of the circulation.
These structures innervate and therefore could modulate neurons in caudal Nucleus tractus solitarius (cNTS), which receives the first central projections from peripheral chemoreceptors.
Unlike thirst-associated sensory neurons in the hypothalamus, the 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2) neurons in the rat Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) are activated in close association with sodium appetite (16).
SDA was verified with a cholecystokinin satiation test, retrograde labeling of vagal motor neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus with fluorogold, and anterograde labeling of vagal afferents in the Nucleus tractus solitarius with wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase.
Here, we determined the site of action of mGluR5 in gastric vagal pathways by investigating peripheral responses of ferret gastroesophageal vagal afferents to graded mechanical stimuli in vitro and central responses of Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurons with gastric input in vivo in the presence or absence of the mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP).
We used the c-fos expression as a tool to study correlated neuronal activation, induced by bending the inflamed paw of monoarthritic animals, between the spinal dorsal horn and medullary centers belonging to the endogenous pain control system, namely the lateralmost reticular formation of the ventrolateral medulla (VLMlat), the lateral reticular nucleus (LRt), the dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt), the Nucleus tractus solitarius (Sol) and the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM).
It is a personal view and inevitably, owing to constraints on space and time, I have not been able to cover areas such as the Nucleus tractus solitarius and cardiac vagal neurones, although I acknowledge that some may consider the story is incomplete without them.
It is known that emesis can be triggered by neural activity in brain regions including area postrema (AP) and Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
Relative to saline administration, IL1beta increased IL1beta, TNFalpha and IL6 mRNAs in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), hypothalamus, hippocampus and somatosensory cortex (SSctx), but did not induce any changes in IL10.
In the present study, we used single-unit extracellular recording techniques to examine the effects of stimulation of cardiac sympathetic afferents on baro- or chemosensitive neurons in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in anesthetized rats.
Here, we demonstrate that peripheral ghrelin signaling, which travels to the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) at least in part via the vagus nerve, increases noradrenaline (NA) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, thereby stimulating feeding at least partially through alpha-1 and beta-2 noradrenergic receptors.
The presence of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) containing cells and melanocortin (MC) receptors has been reported in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the rat.
The paired-pulse ratio was increased for IPSCs evoked after electrical stimulation of the Nucleus tractus solitarius, but the effect was slower than for the enhancement of spontaneous and miniature IPSCs.
Furthermore, PSE (60 mg/kg) increased the threshold intensity for inducing fictive cough by electrical micro-stimulation of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (+72.7 +/- 8.4%, P<0.01).
In both experiments, the anticonvulsant treatment of inhibition of the medullary Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) restored exploration behavior to control levels.
This model is based on the presence of 'transient' connections formed during the normal development of autonomic brainstem circuitry involving the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
Adenosine A1 and A2A receptors mediate distinct cardiovascular components of defense reactions that are ascribed, in part, to opposing actions within the Nucleus tractus solitarius.
PK1 mRNA is expressed exclusively in the brainstem, with high abundance in the Nucleus tractus solitarius. PKR2 mRNA is detected throughout the brain, with prominent expression in olfactory regions, cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus, septum and hippocampus, habenula, amygdala, Nucleus tractus solitarius, and circumventricular organs such as subfornical organ, median eminence, and area postrema.
Dorsal chemoreceptor sites, the caudal Nucleus tractus solitarius and the A6 region, were unaffected.
In the brain, strong iCre activity was present in cardiovascular centers that are known to express 11HSD2 and mineralocorticoid receptors [ Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and amygdala] as well as in the granular layer of the cerebellum.
The dorsomedial portion of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (dmNTS) is the site of termination of baroreceptor and cardiorespiratory vagal afferents and plays a critical role in cardiovascular regulation.
Neurokinins, such as substance P (SP), modulate the reflex regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory function in the CNS, particularly in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
NR1 positive neuron densities were significantly greater in females than males in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), commissural nucleus of the NTS and hypoglossal nucleus due to higher counts.
Five micrograms per kilogram decreased intake and increased the number of CFLI cells in four subnuclei of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), in arcuate nucleus (ARC), and in central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA).
Aldosterone-sensitive neurons in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) become activated during sodium depletion and could be key neural elements regulating sodium intake.
The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is an important relay station in central metabolic control and receives signals from peripheral glucose-sensitive hepatoportal afferences, from central glucose-responsive neurons in the brainstem and from CBR and arginine-vasopressin (AVP)-containing axons from hypothalamic nuclei.
Neurons expressing estrogen receptor-alpha in the Nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem appear to increase their sensitivity to CCK-induced vagal afferent input so as to lead to an increase in the satiating potency of CCK, and consequently decreased food intake, during the peri-ovulatory period in rats.
The hypothalamus coordinates autonomic responses in part through arginine vasopressin (AVP) released in medial Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
TH and AADC co-positive, but VMAT2-negative neurons, are termed "nonexocytotic catecholaminergic TH neurons." These were found in striatum, olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, area postrema, Nucleus tractus solitarius, and in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus.
The present study analysed the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a key enzyme for catecholamine synthesis and of angiotensinogen (AGT), the precursor of angiotensin II (Ang II), in areas of the central nervous system (CNS) involved with cardiovascular regulation such as Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), ventrolateral medulla (VLM), locus coeruleus (LC) and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) 2 h, 3 and 7 days after aortic coarctated hypertensive rats.
However, evidence from neuroimaging and other studies suggests that VNS therapy acts via innervation of the Nucleus tractus solitarius, with secondary projections to limbic and cortical structures that are involved in mood regulation, including brainstem regions that contain serotonergic (raphe nucleus) and noradrenergic (locus ceruleus) perikarya that project to the forebrain.
Recently, activation of the mesencephalic locomotor region, an anatomical locus for central command, was found to inhibit the discharge of Nucleus tractus solitarius cells that were stimulated by arterial baroreceptors in decerebrated cats. In contrast, the effect of thin fiber muscle afferent input on the discharge of Nucleus tractus solitarius cells stimulated by baroreceptors is not known. Consequently in decerebrated unanesthetized cats, we examined the responses of barosensory Nucleus tractus solitarius cells to stimulation of thin fiber muscle afferents and to stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region, a maneuver which evoked fictive locomotion. We found that electrical stimulation of either the mesencephalic locomotor region or the gastrocnemius nerve at current intensities that recruited group III afferents inhibited the discharge of Nucleus tractus solitarius cells receiving baroreceptor input. We also found that the inhibitory effects of both gastrocnemius nerve stimulation and mesencephalic locomotor region stimulation converged onto the same barosensory Nucleus tractus solitarius cells. We conclude that the Nucleus tractus solitarius is probably the site whereby input from both central command and thin fiber muscle afferents function to reset the baroreceptor reflex during exercise..
Compared with sham distension, isovolumetric phasic distension of the proximal colon (10 ml, 30 s on/off for 10 min) increased significantly Fos expression 1 h after distension in selective brain areas, most prominently, the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus (13-fold and 80-fold, respectively), the locus coeruleus-Barrington's nucleus complex (2-fold), area postrema (7-fold) and the Nucleus tractus solitarius (4-fold).
In fact, like nausea and emesis in humans, it is accompanied by serotonin release from the enterochromaffin cells, increased c-fos labelling in the area postrema and the Nucleus tractus solitarius, and a delay in gastric emptying.
In studies performed in the mouse and rat, the ventilatory response to hypoxia is regulated in the Nucleus tractus solitarius by SNOs exported from red blood cells.
In the medulla oblongata, anterograde labeling was observed in the orofacial motor nuclei, inferior olive, caudal ventrolateral medulla, rostral ventromedial medulla, Nucleus tractus solitarius and most of the reticular formation.
The first synaptic target for the primary cough-related sensory input is the second-order neurons in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS).
The anorectic effect of peripheral amylin appears principally due to a direct action at the area postrema/Nucleus tractus solitarius, and is not merely a consequence of gastric fullness, for example.
Viral restoration of DBH expression in the Nucleus tractus solitarius, but not in the locus coeruleus, restored CPP for morphine. These data suggest that NE signaling by the Nucleus tractus solitarius is necessary for morphine reward..
The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is the first central nervous system (CNS) site for synaptic contact of the primary afferent fibers from the lungs and airways.
In addition, we analyzed c-Fos expression in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and found c-Fos expression in NTS was stronger in rats who were given the jejunal nutrition than in those who were not.
Brainstem parasympathetic circuits that modulate digestive functions of the stomach are comprised of afferent vagal fibers, neurons of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and the efferent fibers originating in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV).
Gastroinhibitory control by the esophagus involves neural pathways from esophageal distension-sensitive neurons in the Nucleus tractus solitarius centralis (cNTS) with connections to virtually all levels of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV).
A novel group of neurons in the Nucleus tractus solitarius expresses the enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, which makes them selectively responsive to aldosterone.
The profile of opioid and cannabinoid receptors in neurons of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) has been studied using the whole-cell configuration of the patch clamp technique.
Caudal fourth ventricular (CV4) infusion of the monocarboxylate transporter inhibitor, alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (4CIN), causes hyperglycemia coincident with Fos expression in the hindbrain Nucleus tractus solitarius, a rare central source of metabolic deficit signaling.
Naratriptan has also a therapeutic effect on the nausea of migraine, possibly exerting its action at the level of the Nucleus tractus solitarius via the same mechanisms by which it inhibits trigeminovascular nociceptive input.
Stimulation of afferent vagal traffic attenuates food intake by vagal projections to Nucleus tractus solitarius, arcuate nucleus and its convergence's to thalamic center of satiety.
The idea is developed that a sweet taste may modulate cough at the level of the Nucleus tractus solitarius, possibly by influencing the production of endogenous opioids..
Reduced respiratory afferent inputs to the dorsal respiratory group of medullary neurons, the Nucleus tractus solitarius and reduced "automatic" components of the respiratory drive may play a role in the development of CSA/OC..
A subset of neurons in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) are uniquely sensitive to the adrenal steroid hormone aldosterone, which is critically involved in sodium homeostasis, due to their expression of the enzyme 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD2).
These factors influence the Nucleus tractus solitarius, causing its noradrenergic projections to midbrain and forebrain structures to inhibit activity in the ARAS, resulting inactivation of inhibitory GABAergic thalamocortical projections to the cor-tex.
Interestingly, a number of cells from groups 1 and 3 but not group 2 were found to extend their dendrites into the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), suggesting that AP neurons could receive vagal afferent inputs at their dendritic termini within the NTS.
In six cases, MRI detected linear medullary lesions involving the pericanal region, the area postrema, and the Nucleus tractus solitarius.
Hydralazine evoked more pERK-ir neurons in specific regions, including the VLM, Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), parabrachial nuclei, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and locus coeruleus.
The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in homeostatic control in the brainstem, in particular, in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), is well established.
In experiment 3, retrograde tracing combined with in situ hybridization revealed few if any galanin cells projecting to central amygdala in locus coeruleus or Nucleus tractus solitarius, sources of noradrenergic innervation.
We therefore determined the pattern of neuronal activation (as indicated by the presence of Fos protein) seen in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, locus coeruleus, Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), ventrolateral medulla (VLM) and thoracic spinal cord of the rat in response to 0, 15, 30 or 60 min periods of restraint.
We have previously shown that activation of P2X purinoceptors in the subpostremal Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) produces a rapid bradycardia and hypotension.
Injections of the retrograde pathway tracer wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were made into dorsal/ventral striatum (DS/VS), basolateral amygdala (BLA), mediodorsal thalamus (MD), lateral hypothalamus (LH), mediolateral septum, dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe, ventral tegmental area, parabrachial nucleus, Nucleus tractus solitarius, rostral/caudal ventrolateral medulla, or thoracic spinal cord (SC).
The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is essential for coordinating baroreflex control of blood pressure.
The present study was designed to investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in this process by estimating changes in PKCalpha and PKCgamma immunoreactivity, and whether pharmacological inhibition of PKC would attenuate morphine withdrawal-induced c-Fos expression and changes in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity levels in the PVN and Nucleus tractus solitarius/ ventrolateral medulla (NTS/VLM).
We investigated the gene expression patterns in response to chronic alcohol exposure (21-28 wk) in the rat Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), a brain nucleus with a key integrative role in homeostasis and cardiorespiratory function.
The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is the primary termination site of cardiovascular afferents and critical in the regulation of baroreflex-mediated changes in heart rate (HR) and sympathetic nervous system outflow.
Previous studies supporting a possible physiological role for an endogenous cannabinoid, arachidonylethanolamide (AEA, anandamide), showed a significant increase in AEA content in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) after an increase in blood pressure (BP) and prolonged baroreflex inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) after exogenous AEA microinjections into the NTS.
In diabetic rats, B(2) receptor densities were significantly increased in lamina l of the dorsal horn (+35% at 7 and 21 days), spinal trigeminal nucleus (+70% at 7 and 21 days) and Nucleus tractus solitarius (+100% at 2 and 7 days).
Interruption of the baroreceptor reflex by transection of afferent nerves (sinoaortic denervation; SAD) or lesions of Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) elevates sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial pressure (AP).
In the present study, in vitro patch-clamp recording techniques were used to assess the roles of similar potassium conductances in protecting delayed excitation (DE) neurons of the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) from over-excitation after N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation.
In 45% of the neurons of Nucleus tractus solitarius subnucleus centralis (cNTS), perfusion with the sulfated form of CCK (CCK-8s) increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory currents (sEPSCs) in a concentration-dependent manner (1-300 nM).
The Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), a dorsal medullary site that receives input from baroreceptors, may be the site where central command inhibits baroreceptor input during exercise.
Peripherally administered PYY3-36 activates neurons in the area postrema and Nucleus tractus solitarius, brainstem areas known to mediate effects of certain aversive stimuli.
The effect of cervical vagus nerve stimulation, gastric distension and CCK-8S administration was studied on the activity of 120 neurons located in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of anesthetized newborn lambs.
Here we describe the complementary pattern of Shh and Ptc expression in the rat dorsal vagal motor nucleus and the ventrolateral Nucleus tractus solitarius (vNTS), respectively.
Projection of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) afferent fibers into the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) was investigated using a fluorescent tracer in guinea pigs.
We investigated the effects of bilateral injections of the GABA receptor agonists muscimol (GABA A) and baclofen (GABA B) into the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) on the bradycardia and hypotension induced by iv serotonin injections (5-HT, 2 microg/rat) in awake male Holtzman rats.
The aim of this study was to determine whether increased NO production induced by local overexpression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in the Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brain stem reduces the enhanced sympathetic drive in mice with HF.
Nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside induced a similar pattern of neuronal activation in several areas, which include the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, central nucleus of the amygdala, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, ventrolateral medulla and Nucleus tractus solitarius.
Electrolytic lesioning of the Nucleus tractus solitarius or blocking the effects of baroreflex efferents by either an alpha1 or alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonists failed to alter the effects of LPS.
Pre-treatment with naloxone methiodide decreased (15%) IL-1beta-induced Fos-immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) in medial parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (mPVN) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons but increased responses in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) C1 (65%) and Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) A2 (110%) catecholamine cell groups and area postrema (136%).
Since there is no direct anatomical projection from the Nucleus tractus solitarius, the main vagal relay site of the brain, to the hippocampus, we tested whether a multisynaptic pathway exists. Pseudorabies virus, a pig herpesvirus that can be used as a retrograde transneuronal tracer, was injected into the ventral CA1 hippocampus of rats, and after 4 days, pseudorabies virus infected neurons were identified in the general visceral portion of the Nucleus tractus solitarius, with the majority being localized in the A2 noradrenergic cell group. In order to identify some of the potential relay sites of the Nucleus tractus solitarius-->hippocampal pathway, immunotoxin lesions of the ventral CA1 region were made that selectively destroyed either the noradrenergic or cholinergic fibers. After 2 weeks' recovery, pseudorabies virus was injected in this same CA1 area, and 4 days later, the transneuronal labeling in the Nucleus tractus solitarius was reduced by approximately 65%. In summary, this is the first anatomical report to show that the general visceral region of Nucleus tractus solitarius is linked via multisynaptic relays to the hippocampus..
Because these putative neurons may be connected to these two target sites by chains of neurons, we performed double virus transneuronal tracing experiments and show here that a select subset of neurons in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), and Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) are co-linked to these two sites.
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