Labeled neurons were also present in the bilateral nucleus lateralis valvulae (NLV), Nucleus raphes, nucleus reticularis lateralis and inferior reticular formation, and in the contralateral inferior olive. 
After electroacupuncture (EA) at Shenshu (UB 23) points in the aged rats, the frequency of neuronal discharges in locus coeruleus (LC) was elevated and the activating rate of LC to neurons in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of the hypothalamus was increased, while obvious effect on Nucleus raphes magnus (NRM) and the effect of NRM on MPOA were not marked.
The tracing studies, which were combined with multiple-labeling immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, indicated that 5HT-immunoreactive axon terminals on the cell bodies of MTN neurons originated from the medullary raphe nuclei, such as the Nucleus raphes magmus (RMg), alpha part of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (GiA) and Nucleus raphes obscurus (ROb), as well as from the mesopontine raphe nuclei, such as the Nucleus raphes dorsalis (DR), Nucleus raphes pontis (PnR) and Nucleus raphes medianus (MnR); mainly from the RMg, GiA and DR, and additionally from the ROb, PnR and MnR.
trigemini, Nucleus raphes, substantia grisea periventricularis, nucleus eminentiae teretis, colliculus inferior, nucleus motorius n.
The majority of efferent cell bodies were centered in the isthmic tegmentum; other efferent cells extended more rostrally into the substantia nigra, and some efferent cells extended more caudally into the Nucleus raphes superior.
Marked neuron loss in the predominantly serotonergic Nucleus raphes dorsalis (NRd) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has repeatedly been reported in the literature.
Serotoninergic raphe neurons are clustered in three groups: Nucleus raphes superior, intermedius, and inferior.
POMC-related immunoreactive material was not found in the neuronal perikarya in the lower brainstem; reactive fibers and apparent terminals were distributed in the substantia nigra, lemniscus lateralis, midbrain central gray, the Nucleus raphes, nucleus parabrachialis lateralis, ventral area of the spinal trigeminal nerve, nucleus tractus solitarii, and in the reticular formation throughout the lower brainstem. Proenkephalin A-related immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were detected in the central gray, reticular formation, Nucleus raphes, trapezoid body, nucleus parabrachialis lateralis and medialis, nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini, nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi, and in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Densely packed immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed in the substantia nigra, nucleus interpeduncularis, Nucleus raphes, superior colliculus, periaqueductal central gray, nucleus parabrachialis lateralis and medialis, locus coeruleus, trapezoid body, nuclei cochleares, nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini, tractus spinalis nervi trigemini, nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus dorsalis nervi vagi, nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, nucleus cuneatus accessorius, and in the reticular formation throughout the lower brainstem.
The influence of electrical stimulation of the Nucleus raphes magnus (RM) on spinal segmental systems were examined.
The nucleus reticularis isthmi, superior, medius and inferior as well as the Nucleus raphes exhibit spinal trajectories.
In the midbrain, 5-HTi cells were observed in the Nucleus raphes superior and the lateral portion of the nucleus reticularis superior.
Previous retrograde tracer studies also suggested brain stem projections to the ADVR arising in the midbrain reticular formation and in certain monoaminergic brain stem nuclei (substantia nigra, locus coeruleus and Nucleus raphes superior). Brain stem afferents to the ADVR were found from the laminar nucleus of the torus semicircularis (possibly comparable to the mammalian periaqueductal gray), from the midbrain reticular formation, from the substantia nigra (pars compacta and reticulata) and the adjacent ventral tegmental area, from the Nucleus raphes superior, from the locus coeruleus, from the parabrachial region, from the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and even from the most caudal part of the brain stem (a few neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract and lateral reticular formation, possibly comparable to the mammalian A2 and A1 groups, respectively). These data strongly suggest direct ADVR projections from the parabrachial region (related to visceral and taste information) as well as distinct catecholaminergic (presumably dopaminergic: substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and, noradrenergic: locus coeruleus, respectively) and serotonergic projections (Nucleus raphes superior)..
In a lizard (Gekko gecko) the anterograde tracer PHA-L was microiontophoretically applied to the predominantly serotonergic Nucleus raphes inferior.
Highly collateralizing projections (expressed as the percentage of double-labeled neurons, DL) were found to arise from the Nucleus raphes inferior, the contralateral nucleus reticularis superior pars lateralis, the contralateral nuclei vestibulares ventromedialis and descendens, and the ipsilateral nucleus reticularis inferior pars ventralis. Projections preferentially directed to midthoracic or lower levels of the spinal cord were found to arise from the ipsilateral locus coeruleus, the contralateral nucleus reticularis superior pars lateralis, the nucleus reticularis inferior pars ventralis, the nucleus reticularis inferior, and the Nucleus raphes inferior.
Brainstem afferents to Hp and APH included ipsilateral projections from the area ventralis (Tsai) nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, Nucleus raphes, nucleus subceruleus dorsalis, and nucleus centralis superior of Bechterew, and bilateral projections from the nucleus linearis caudalis and locus ceruleus, of which the nucleus subceruleus dorsalis, nucleus centralis superior of Bechterew, and locus ceruleus projected to APH only.
Spinal projections from the raphe nuclei are particularly extensive from the Nucleus raphes inferior and gradually decrease rostralwards. In the rostral part of the Nucleus raphes superior almost no neurons projecting to the spinal cord are found..
In albino rats, the Nucleus raphes dorsalis (NRD) of the midbrain was investigated using a sensitive fluorochroming procedure to detect indolamines in combination with a microelectrophoretic method to demonstrate the isoenzyme pattern of acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
A few labeled cells also occur in the nucleus interpeduncularis, Nucleus raphes superior, and lateral reticular formation.
In the brain stem a dense serotonergic innervation was observed in all of the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves, in two layers of the tectum mesencephali, in the nucleus interpeduncularis pars ventralis, the nucleus profundus mesencephali pars rostralis, the periventricular grey, the nucleus parabrachialis, the vestibular nuclear complex, the nucleus descendens nervi trigemini, the Nucleus raphes inferior, and parts of the nucleus tractus solitarii.
Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive terminal areas in the brain stem were seen in the nucleus interstitialis of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, the Nucleus raphes superior, the locus coeruleus, several parts of the reticular formation and the nucleus descendens nervi trigemini.
A number of cells, situated within the Nucleus raphes superior and finally: 6. Perikarya, located dorsolateral to the Nucleus raphes superior.
The funicular trajectories of the main reticulospinal pathways have been shown: via the lateral funiculus pass spinal projections of the nucleus reticularis superior pars lateralis, the nucleus reticularis inferior and Nucleus raphes inferior; via the ventral funiculus fibers arising in the nucleus reticularis superior and nucleus reticularis medius.
Nucleus dorsomedialis receives afferents from the septal area, nucleus entopeduncularis anterior, nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, area triangularis, Nucleus raphes superior, nucleus reticularis inferior, and locus coeruleus. Afferents to the habenula have been demonstrated from the septal area, nucleus entopeduncularis anterior, triangular area, nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, nucleus interpeduncularis, Nucleus raphes superior, locus coeruleus, nucleus isthmi, nucleus dorsalis motorius nervi vagi, and the mesencephalic tegmentum.
In all reptilian species studied a contralateral cerebellar projection of a cell mass located in the caudal brainstem adjacent to the Nucleus raphes inferior was observed.
Rhombencephalic cells of origin of pathways descending to the spinal cord were found in all parts of the reticular formation, i.e., the Nucleus raphes inferior, the nucleus reticularis inferior, medius, superior, and isthmi, in two vestibular nuclei, and in three nuclei, which have been tentatively indicated as nucleus B, F, and G.
Projections were found from the locus coeruleus and the Nucleus raphes superior to the telencephalon, as well as from the substantia nigra and the presumable reptilian homologue of the mammalian ventral tegmental area to the basal forebrain and the dorsal thalamus.
The Nucleus raphes dorsalis (NRD) of adult rat was investigated by means of fluorescence histochemical and neurohistological methods.
The Nucleus raphes dorsalis of the adult rat was investigated by means of fluorescence histochemical and neurohistological methods.
The large-celled part of the mediodorsal cortex receives projections from Nucleus raphes superior and the corpus mammillare..
Extensive multiple electrolytic lesions were placed into the Nucleus raphes of the brain stem in the pigeon. Stimulations of Nucleus raphes and of various parts of formatio reticularis led to a significant rise in plasma corticosterone within 16 to 19 min after the beginning of the stimulating session.
Electrical stimulation of the Nucleus raphes in permanently implanted, unrestrained and unanesthetized birds induced a significant rise in B.
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