Outside of the song system, major areas of expression were in medial nidopallium (N), hyperpallium apicale (HA), mesopallium ventrale (MV), taenial amygdala (TnA), cerebellar Purkinje cells, and Nucleus isthmo-opticus (IO). 
A day before hatching all the isthmic nuclei were heavily stained, however, nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase-positive cells occurred exclusively in the Nucleus isthmo-opticus.
For each substance, the somatic and afferent fiber and terminal labeling was analyzed within the Nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO) and the ectopic area (EA) and compared with that of retinopetal cell bodies labeled retrogradely with RITC following its intraocular injection (double-labeling procedure).
Thus, only the rho1-subunit gene is expressed in the deep cerebellar nuclei, the dorsal thalamus, the ectostriatum and the tractus vestibulomesencephalicus, while only the rho2-subunit gene is transcribed in the nucleus habenularis lateralis and the Nucleus isthmo-opticus.
The 9 other cell populations belonged to the lateral group and extended from the posterior mesencephalic tegmentum to the caudal rhombencephalon [ formatio reticularis mesencephali, nucleus ventrolateralis tegmenti, ectopic area (Ec) of the Nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO), nucleus subceruleus, nucleus ceruleus, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, nucleus vestibularis medialis, nucleus reticularis parvocellularis and nucleus reticularis magnocellularis]. Serotonin-IR fibers and terminals were found to be very broadly distributed within the brain and were particularly prominent in several structures of the telencephalon (archistriatum pars dorsalis, nucleus taeniae, area parahippocampalis, septum), diencephalon (nuclei preopticus medianus, magnocellularis, nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis, nucleus triangularis, nucleus pretectalis), mesencephalon-rhombencephalon (superficial layers of the optic tectum, nucleus ectomamillaris, Nucleus isthmo-opticus and in most of the cranial nerve nuclei).
The present study examined GABA immunoreactivity within the retinopetal Nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO) of the pigeon centrifugal visual system (CVS) using light- (immunohistofluorescence, peroxidase anti-peroxidase: PAP) and electron- (postembedding GABA immunogold) microscopic techniques.
The Nucleus isthmo-opticus, nucleus magnocellularis cochlearis, and nucleus laminaris all express high levels of SERCA2 but with different ratios of SERCA2b and SERCA2a.
After bilateral lesions in the Nucleus isthmo-opticus (ION) and in the ectopic Nucleus isthmo-opticus (EION), a multiple linear regression analysis was employed to correlate the postoperative performance in all three tasks with the amount of structure loss within ION and EION.
The Nucleus isthmo-opticus (IO) consists of a single cell type in which all dendrites of one neuron take the same direction and ramify at identical distances from the perikaryon to form dense dendritic arborizations.
On the contralateral side in the Nucleus isthmo-opticus 8400-10,900 cells were stained while in the surrounding area 1500-2800 marked ectopic cells were counted.
The cytology and the synaptology of the Nucleus isthmo-opticus have been studied in the chick embryo at three stages during (incubation days 14 and 15) and after (day 18) the neurone death period of the nucleus.
A morphological study of the Nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO) has been carried out using several histological approaches as well as electron microscopic analysis.
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