The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) has been traditionally dubbed the "pneumotaxic center". 
The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) is an integral part of the central pattern generator for breathing and shows postnatal development of synaptic functions and cyto-architectural structure.
In 14 goats, cannula were bilaterally implanted into either the lateral (LPBN, n = 4) or medial (MPBN, n = 4) parabrachial nuclei, or the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KFN, n = 6).
The effect seen on post-I activity is similar to the effect of inhibiting the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in the pons.
In the present study we investigated the effects of bilateral injections of noradrenaline (the endogenous neurotransmitter for alpha-adrenoceptors) alone or combined with the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist RX 821002 into the LPBN or into the rostral portion of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus that includes also the A7 area (KF/A7 area) on FURO+CAP-induced water and 0.3 M NaCl intake.
In principle, sensory feedback from pulmonary stretch receptors (Breuer-Hering reflex, BHR) is seen as the major controller for the IE phase transition, while pontine-based control of IE phase transition by both the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) and parabrachial complex is seen as a secondary or backup mechanism.
The generation of the postinspiratory phase depends on synaptic interaction between neurones of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), which relay afferent inputs from pulmonary stretch receptors, and the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) as integral parts of the CPG.
The authors further evaluated the dose-response relations of isoflurane under different study conditions: (1) normalization of mean arterial pressure, or end-expiratory carbon dioxide; (2) bilateral lesion of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus; and (3) vagotomy.
These include: the medial preoptic nucleus; median and lateral preoptic area; medial division of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis; paraventricular nucleus; central nucleus of the amygdala; dorsal hypothalamic area/dorsomedial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamic area; lateral, ventrolateral and dorsomedial divisions of the periaqueductal grey; dorsal raphe nuclei; parabrachial nuclei; Kölliker-Fuse nucleus; intertrigeminal region; rostral ventrolateral medulla; lateral parafacial region; and the ventral respiratory group.
The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) contributes essentially to respiratory pattern formation and adaptation of breathing to afferent information.
I hypothesize the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus can be uniquely defined in the neonate mouse by the coexpression of the transcription factor FoxP2 in Atoh1-derived neurons of rhombomere 1..
The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), part of the pontine respiratory group, is involved in the control of respiratory phase duration, and receives both excitatory and inhibitory afferent input from various other brain regions.
Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) neurons are considered to excite motoneurons in the phrenic nucleus (PhN) during inspiration through its projection to the PhN and/or to the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG), which in turn projects to the PhN, probably by releasing glutamate from their axon terminals.
In the present study we performed microinjections of OXB into the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) of the dorsolateral pons, since this nucleus is particularly involved in the pre-motor control of upper airway muscles.
The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), part of the respiratory network, is involved in the modulation of respiratory phase durations in response to peripheral and central afferent inputs.
Analysis of the pontine and peripheral sensory regulation of postinspiratory activity in KO preparations revealed: (i) prolonged apnoeas associated with enhanced postinspiratory activity after glutamate-induced activation of the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus; and (ii) prolonged apnoeas and lack of reflex desensitization in response to repetitive vagal stimulations.
Glutamate microinjections into distinct parts of the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) evoked a tonic excitation of PI-motor activity or sustained laryngeal constriction accompanied by prolongation of the expiratory phase.
The dorsolateral pons around the parabrachial nucleus including the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus is closely linked with the medullary respiratory center and plays an important role in respiratory control. A total of 235 respiratory neurons were recorded from the dorsolateral pons in and around the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
The highest density of immunoreactive fibers was found in the motor trigeminal nucleus, the laminar and alaminar spinal trigeminal nuclei, the facial nucleus, the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, the locus coeruleus, the cuneiform nucleus, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, the lateral tegmental field, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, the inferior central nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and in the inferior vestibular nucleus.
The main active region was presumed to be primarily the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus. Our findings provide the first evidence in the rat for the presence of respiratory neurons in the rostral pons, with localization in the lateral region approximately overlapping with the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus..
In this context, we introduce new data on swallowing-related activity of XII (and trigeminal) motoneurons, and finally suggest a prominent role for the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in the control of inspiratory-related activity of XII motoneurons supplying tongue protrusor and retrusor muscles..
Electrical or chemical (substance P) stimulation of Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF, A7) is known to produce antinociception mediated by alpha2-adrenoceptors in the spinal cord.
In addition, EP3 receptor expression is seen among some enkephalinergic neurons in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
However, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus appears to be more developed in human beings than in other animal species, showing a greater extension and a more complex structure.
In an infant, born at 41 weeks of gestation with severe signs of asphyxia and dead 20 h after delivery, we observed the presence of rare and immature neurons in the brain stem areas of both lateral and medial parabrachial nuclei and the absence of the characteristic neurons of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
The parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse complex has been defined, in different animal species, to lie in the dorsolateral part of the pontine tegmentum and to be subdivided into three well-defined regions: the medial parabrachial nucleus, the lateral parabrachial nucleus, and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus. In contrast, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus appears to be more developed in human beings than in other animal species, showing a greater extension and a more complex structure, as well as subdivision into two subnuclei (compactus and dissipatus)..
In contrast, the ventral part of the Sp5O projected almost exclusively to an as yet not formally described region, located dorsally and laterally to the lateral tip of the brachium conjunctivum, close to the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
Anesthesia with halothane induced the strongest c-Fos expression in a restricted pool of pmXII located in the pons at the level of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the intertrigeminal region.
These areas included the central amygdala, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), the medial part of the NTS, the interstitial part of the NTS, the commissural part of the NTS, the paratrigeminal nucleus, the ambiguus nucleus, and the rostroventrolateral recticular nucleus.
Following lesions of the rostral dorsolateral pons, including the nucleus parabrachialis medialis and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, with radio-frequency current or local injection of kainic acid, low-frequency stimulation of the vagus nerve and the no-inflation test significantly prolonged the I phase in a manner highly similar to that observed in rabbits with NMDA-R block.
When the pulmonary hypoplasia is not accompanied by hypodevelopment of this nucleus the explanation could be a failure to block the inhibitory action of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus..
Other sources of input include the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, subceruleus, A5 region, and the paralemniscal zone..
The specific areas activated include the parabrachial nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, locus coeruleus, dorsal nucleus of raphe, and dorsal, lateral and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray.
Among developmental changes in the pattern of labeling, DOI elicited Fos expression in the adult but not in the neonate in the ventrolateral subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract, the parabrachial area and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
HRP-FITC double-labeled neurons were observed in the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and areas around the retrofacial nucleus (Bötzinger complex). The results show that brainstem GABAergic neurons in these structures, especially those in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the B?t.C, send axonal projections to the phrenic nucleus..
After microinjection of cholera toxin B-subunit conjugated horseradish peroxidase (CB-HRP) into the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), retrogradely labeled neurons were mainly observed in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), the medial parabrachial nucleus (PBM) and the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBL).
PB of the monkey could be divided into the following subnuclei: the dorsal area (DPBM) along the medial surface of the medial three-fourths of BC in the caudal half of medial PB (PBM), the ventral area (VPBM) along the medial surface of the lateral one-fourth of BC in the rostral two-thirds of PB, the ventrolateral part of lateral PB (PBL) lateral to BC throughout PB (EL), the ventral part of the rostral half of PBL ventral to EL (EXL), the medial part of middle PBL along the dorsal surface of BC (VL), the dorsal and lateral marginal part of PBL in the rostral two-thirds of PB (DL), the cell cluster in the dorsomedial part of the rostral half of PBL between VL and DL (CL), the dorsocentral part appearing at the level of root exit of the trochlear nerve between DL and CL and extending to the rostral end of PBL (IL), the area between DL and IL in the rostral one-seventh of PBL (SL), and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) ventral to EL and BC in the middle one-third of PB and lateral to the lateral pontine tegmentum.
Using anterograde and retrograde tracing methods, we found in the rat that the parabrachial fibers originating mainly from the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) terminated not only within the phrenic nucleus but also on the radial dendritic bundles of the phrenic motoneurons.
After NAL, the numbers of Fos-LI neurons were significantly increased in the area postrema; in the caudal, intermediate, and rostral parts of the nucleus tractus solitarii; in the rostral ventrolateral medulla; in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus; in the supramammillary nucleus; and in the central nucleus of the amygdala.
Within the pons, the superior salivatory nucleus, the A5 area, the ventrolateral part of the parabrachial nucleus and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus were labeled.
Immunoreactive fibres were observed in the following; the inferior central nucleus; the pontine gray nuclei; the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus; the motor trigeminal nucleus, the anteroventral cochlear nucleus; the abducens nucleus; the retrofacial nucleus; the superior, lateral, inferior, and medial vestibular nuclei; the lateral nucleus of the superior olive; the external cuneate nucleus; the nucleus of the trapezoid body; the postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe; the medial accessory inferior olive; the dorsal accessory nucleus of the inferior olive; the nucleus ambiguus; the principal nucleus of the inferior olive; the preolivary nucleus; the nucleus ruber; the substantia nigra; and in the area postrema.
Experiments were performed in 18 paralysed, ventilated, decerebrate adult cats to characterise projections from the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus(KFN) to hypoglossal(HG) motoneurons.
Hypoxia activates rostral ventrolateral medullary sympathoexcitatory neurons mainly via a major direct excitatory projection from the nucleus tractus solitarius, as well as from the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in the pons, while in contrast the activation of these neurons in response to hypotension appears to be due mainly to disinhibition, mediated via inhibitory interneurons.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor la immunoreactivity was found in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and in several parabrachial nuclei, including the waist area, lateral crescent, medial, external medial and ventral lateral nuclei. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 antisera stained all lateral parabrachial nuclei as well as the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, while staining in the medial parabrachial nucleus was weak.
The cholera toxin subunit-B was injected into the lower pharynx or the esophagus after injection of biotinylated dextran amine into the ventrolateral parabrachial nuclear region, including the external medial, the external lateral, and the crescent area of the central lateral parabrachial nuclei and into the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
We selectively injected biocytin into the 3 main regions of the nucleus (lateral PBN, medial PBN and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus).
In the present study, we examined the distribution of neurons in the parabrachial nucleus (PB), the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C), the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), which are activated by evoking the nasotrigeminal reflex and which exhibit immunoreactivity for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit NR1.
The internal lateral PB subnucleus, which projects exclusively to the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus were not innervated by the PAG.
In the medulla oblongata and pons, neurons of several nuclei and cell groups (area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal vagal complex, nucleus ambiguus, paragigantocellular nucleus, parapyramidal nucleus, A1, A5 and A7 cell groups, caudal raphe nuclei, locus ceruleus, subceruleus nucleus, Barrington's nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus) were found to be transneuronally labeled.
The results show that neurons containing ppCCK are preferentially localized to the superior lateral subnucleus (PBsl), whereas other subnuclei, such as the dorsal lateral, external lateral, central lateral, and ventral lateral subnuclei, and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, contain only moderate to small numbers of such neurons.
Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for mediating these reflexes. However, in our earlier study of apneic responses produced by glutamate stimulation in the dorsolateral pons, we found that apnea was elicited from the area just ventral to the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, rather than within it.
The present study examined the location of neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBL), Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), spinal trigeminal nucleus (Sp5C) and upper cervical cord possibly involved in the transmission of autonomic responses (apnea, bradycardia and rise in arterial blood pressure) elicited by nasotrigeminal stimulation in the rat.
In contrast, a formalin injection into the hindpaw resulted in dense FOS-labeling in the superior, dorsal, and central lateral subnuclei, with sparse to moderate labeling in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, and sparse labeling in the external lateral and external medial subnuclei, as described previously (Hermanson and Blomqvist, J.
Using an in situ hybridization method, we found that preproenkephalin messenger RNA-expressing neurons were present in large numbers in four major areas of the parabrachial nucleus: the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, the external lateral subnucleus, the ventral lateral subnucleus, and in and near the internal lateral subnucleus.
Moderate hypoxia resulted in a modest hypertension of approximately 15 mmHg, and in the expression of Fos (a marker of neuronal activation) in many neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius, the rostral, intermediate and caudal parts of the ventrolateral medulla, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus and A5 area in the pons as well as in several midbrain and forebrain regions, including the periaqueductal grey in the midbrain and the paraventricular, supraoptic and arcuate nuclei in the hypothalamus. Approximately half of the neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius and two-thirds of neurons in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus that expressed Fos following moderate hypoxia were retrogradely labelled from the rostral ventrolateral medullary pressor region. However, neurons that are activated by systemic hypoxia and that also project to the rostral ventrolateral medullary pressor region are virtually confined to the lower brainstem, primarily in the nucleus tractus solitarius and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and to a lesser extent the caudal/intermediate ventrolateral medulla. Comparison of the present results with those from this previous study indicates that the hypoxia-activated neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus that project to the rostral ventrolateral medulla are likely to be interneurons conveying excitatory chemoreceptor signals, while those in the caudal/intermediate ventrolateral medulla are likely to be mainly interneurons conveying inhibitory baroreceptor signals, activated by the rise in arterial blood pressure associated with the hypoxia-induced hypertension..
The ventrolateral PB, including Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF), sent axons terminating mainly in the ventrolateral parts of rostral trigeminal nuclei of the principalis (Vp), oralis (Vo), and interpolaris (Vi) as well as in the inner lamina II of the medullary (nucleus caudalis, Vc) and SpDH.
Light level double-labeling experiments revealed that the terminations of the lamina I ascending projections through the medulla and pons strongly overlap with the localization of catecholamine cells in: the entire rostrocaudal extent of the ventrolateral medulla (A1 caudally, C1 rostrally); the solitary nucleus and the dorsomedial medullary reticular formation (A2 caudally, C2 rostrally); the ventrolateral pons (A5); the locus coeruleus (A6); and the subcoerulear region, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, and the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei (A7).
It is possible that electrical stimulation of the PAG activates spinally projecting collaterals of the noradrenergic cells in A5, the locus ceruleus, subceruleus and A7/Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
The present study examined whether the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) plays a role in mediating the trigeminally induced apnoea which occurs after noxious perturbation of the nasal mucosa.
FOS-LI was also elicited in the central lateral subnucleus (PBcl) and, although much more sparsely, in the external lateral subnucleus and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
Anterogradely labeled axons were traced bilaterally from the vestibular nuclei to the parabrachial nuclear complex, where they terminated around somata in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, external medial parabrachial nucleus, medial parabrachial nucleus, and lateral parabrachial nucleus.
After injection of WGA-HRP (5%, 30-60 nl) into the Bötzinger complex, labelled cells were observed in the lateral parabrachial nucleus and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
In three groups of rats (with lateral PBN lesion, with Kölliker-Fuse nucleus lesion and control), ventilation was measured under various conditions.
The present study describes the distribution of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the parabrachial and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus of the rat by employing the tritium-labeled alpha 2-receptor antagonist rauwolscine ([ 3H]-RAUW) as a ligand. Lower numbers of binding sites were found in the remaining lateral PB nuclei, followed by the medial PB and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus. High affinities were observed in the external lateral PB, the remaining lateral PB nuclei and in the waist area of the PB, while the medial PB and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus exhibited only low affinities for the ligand.
Terminations were observed in the solitary nucleus, the dorsomedial medullary reticular formation, the entire rostrocaudal extent of the ventrolateral medulla, the locus coeruleus, the subcoerulear region and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, the lateral and medial portions of the parabrachial nucleus, the cuneiform nucleus, the ventrolateral and lateral portions of the periaqueductal gray, and the intercollicular nucleus.
Using a double-labeling immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization technique for the simultaneous detection of tyrosine hydroxylase and preproenkephalin mRNA, we demonstrate that catecholaminergic and enkephalinergic neurons in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (K-F)/A7 region in the dorsolateral pons constitute separate populations.
Less dense projections were observed in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) and in the ventrolateral/lateral quadrant of the caudal and mid PAG.
We also saw a substantial number of retrogradely labeled neurons in (1) the preoptic area dorsal to the supraoptic nucleus, (2) areas of the posterior hypothalamus, (3) the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, (4) mesencephalic reticular formation. Injections of these tracers in the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, preoptic area dorsal to the supraoptic nucleus, the ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus yielded a substantial to large number of labeled fibers in the nuclear core of the locus coeruleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS).
First, hyperpnea followed glutamate injection into far rostral and midcaudal areas of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and most of the lateral parabrachial nucleus, including the external lateral, central lateral, dorsal lateral, and superior lateral subnuclei. Second, the most intense inspiratory facilitatory responses were seen at mid to rostral levels of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, near the ventrolateral tip of the superior cerebellar peduncle. The third type of response, decreases in respiratory rate, occurred following glutamate injection at the most lateral and ventral boundaries of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
The densest clusters of immunoreactive perikarya were found in the inferior and superior colliculi, the inferior olive, the periaqueductal gray, the central tegmental field and the substantia nigra, whereas the central linear nucleus, the locus coeruleus, the nucleus incertus, the dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, the cuneiform nucleus, the pontine gray, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the medial nucleus of the solitary tract had the lowest density.
Retrogradely labeled neurons were also consistently found in the nucleus of the solitary tract, in the vicinity of the lateral reticular nucleus, nucleus paragigantocellularis, parabrachial nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, cuneiform nucleus, raphe nucleus and zona incerta. Injections of anterograde tracers (cholera-toxin subunit B or Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin) into the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, lateral hypothalamic area, or medial preoptic area, resulted in fiber labeling within Barrington's nucleus, confirming the retrograde tracing studies.
A moderate density of immunoreactive fibers was observed in the periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus, marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum and below the facial nucleus, whereas a low density of such fibers was found in the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus, pericentral nucleus of the inferior colliculus, nucleus incertus, medial division of the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, accessory dorsal tegmental nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, lateral tegmental field, postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, pericentral division of the dorsal tegmental nucleus, infratrigeminal nucleus, medial nucleus of the solitary tract, spinal trigeminal tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and in the lateral reticular nucleus.
A moderate density of immunoreactive fibers was found in the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal nucleus of the raphe, area postrema, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and in the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, whereas a low density of fibers was observed in the lateral tegmental field, laminar and alaminar spinal trigeminal nuclei, nucleus of the trapezoid body, nucleus coeruleus, brachium conjunctivum, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, periaqueductal gray and in the inferior and superior colliculi.
The periaqueductal gray, brachium of the inferior colliculus, nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus, locus coeruleus, nucleus incertus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, facial nucleus, medial nucleus of the solitary tract and the area postrema contained a moderate density of immunoreactive fibres, whereas the pericentral nucleus of the inferior colliculus, nucleus sagulum, cuneiform nucleus, dorsal nucleus of the raphe, superior central nucleus, central, lateral and paralemniscal tegmental fields, ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, dorsal tegmental nucleus, postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, nucleus ambiguus, accessory dorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the inferior olive had the lowest density of immunoreactive fibres..
At caudal levels of the ipsilateral peribrachial area, dense terminal-like label distributed in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus continued into the lateral parabrachial nucleus. At intermediate levels ipsilaterally, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus again was labeled densely, as were areas analogous to the external lateral and external medial subnuclei of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat.
We found that neurones in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, which receives projections from spinal nociceptive-specific cells, express enkephalin mRNA, that this expression is increased by noxious pinch applied to the skin of awake animals, and that these enkephalinergic neurones are part of a descending system that terminates in the rostroventral medulla and the spinal cord.
Injections in both regions resulted in labeled terminations in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
Large numbers of infected projecting interneurones were found in the rostral, caudal and medial parts of the ventral medulla oblongata, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and catecholaminergic cell group A5 and in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus..
Labeled somata were located within the nuclei of the solitary tract (commissural, intermediate and ventrolateral), other subdivisions of VRG, parabrachial nuclei (medial, dorsolateral and central lateral), Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, retrotrapezoid nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus and lateral tegmental field of the pons. Within the nuclei of the solitary tract and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, there was a topographical organization with respect to the three subdivisions of the VRG..
A high concentration of positive cells was seen in the temporal cortex, the clastrum, the lateral septal nucleus (ventral part), the hypothalamic nuclei such as periventricular, suprachiasmatic, paraventricular, arcuate, dorsomedial and supramammillary nuclei, the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (magnocellular part), the pontine nuclei, the dorsal and dorsolateral tegmental nuclei, the parabrachial nucleus (Kölliker-Fuse nucleus), the locus coeruleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract.
Moreover, a high or moderate density of parvalbumin immunoreactive processes was visualized in the nucleus ruber, substantia nigra, superior and inferior colliculi, periaqueductal gray, nucleus sagulum, cuneiform nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, vestibular nuclei, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and in the lateral reticular nucleus.
Low intensity electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) in the vicinity of the CNF always resulted in pressor and bradycardiac responses, whereas stimulation in the parabrachial nucleus (PB) and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) led to a pressor response and a small tachycardiac response.
Terminal boutons were observed in the lateral and medial parabrachial nuclei, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, and around the mesencephalic trigeminal tract.
A series of laboratory studies indicated that the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the parabrachial region may provide appropriate alternatives to the "classic" targets. This report describes six patients with intractable chronic pain of nociceptive or central origin, in whom an electrode was stereotactically implanted in the region of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus. Kölliker-Fuse nucleus stimulation alone or in combination with stimulation in the periaqueductal/periventricular gray matter region or the somatosensory thalamic nuclei provided excellent pain relief in three of the six patients..
Fast blue-labelled neurons with tyrosine hydroxylase- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities were found in the nucleus locus coeruleus, nucleus subcoeruleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, and the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei.
The effects of brief trains of electrical stimuli applied within the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the raphe magnus, obscurus and pallidus nuclei were tested on transmission from group I and group II muscle afferent fibres in mid-lumbar spinal segments of chloralose anaesthetized cats.
This study investigated a possible role of the rostral dorsolateral pons (including nucleus parabrachialis medialis and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus) in mediating several inspiratory inhibitions.
In contrast, injections within the medial PBN and the nearby Kölliker-Fuse nucleus did not reveal labelling in or around the SON.
Extratrigeminal primary afferent projections in ethmoidal nerve cases involved the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and ventrolateral part of the parabrachial nucleus, the reticular formation surrounding the rostral ambiguous complex, and the dorsal reticular formation of the closed medulla.
Lidocaine was microinjected in pons at the level of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KFN).
The majority of NE-containing fibers and terminations in the spinal cord arise from supraspinal sources; thus, the LC/SC, the parabrachial nuclei, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the A5 cell group have all been suggested as possible sources of the spinal noradrenergic (NA) innervation involved in the centrifugal modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission.
These neurons were located in the nuclei locus coeruleus alpha and subcoeruleus and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus. A high concentration of these neurons was evident in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus when compared to the nuclei locus coeruleus alpha and subcoeruleus.
These experiments revealed that: (i) the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, portions of the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, and all levels of the ipsilateral and contralateral VRG complex have dense reciprocal connections with the rVRG; (ii) the lateral paragigantocellular nucleus has reciprocal but less dense connections with rVRG; (iii) portions of the nucleus of the solitary tract have prominent projections to, but weaker inputs from rVRG; (iv) the raphe, magnocellular tegmental field and spinal trigeminal nuclei have minor projections to rVRG and receive only sparse inputs from rVRG, and; (v) the retrotrapezoid nucleus, pontine lateral tegmental field and area postrema each have only efferent projections to rVRG.
CCK-ir cell bodies were almost exclusively confined to the superior lateral PB and the "waist" area, although a few cells were seen in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
The respiratory part of the NTS, comprising the ventrolateral, intermediate, and caudal commissural subnuclei, is reciprocally connected with the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, and with the far lateral parts of the dorsal and central lateral PB subnuclei.
The descending projections to the lower brainstem arise in large part from a ventrolateral subnucleus that may be comparable with the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus of mammals.
Regions of the rabbit brainstem that are homologous to the ventral respiratory group (VRG), dorsal respiratory group (DRG), Bötzinger Complex (BötC) and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in the cat and rat were shown to provide the major pontomedullary projections to the phrenic nucleus.
Pontospinal enkephalinergic neurons were observed in the nuclei locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus. A high concentration of these neurons was evident in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus when compared to the nuclei locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus (P less than .01).
Rhodamine-labeled neurons were found in the area of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, lateral and medial parabrachial nuclei, retrofacial nucleus, nucleus ambiguus/retroambigualis, nucleus tractus solitarius, A5 region, nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis, retrotrapezoid nucleus, area postrema and spinal trigeminal nucleus.
Major afferents with consistent and robust retrograde labeling include most laminae of the spinal cord, the caudal lateral medulla, the contralateral paragigantocellularis, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the A1 area, the lateral parabrachialis, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, and a preoculomotor nucleus in the ventral central gray, the supraoculomotor nucleus.
The dorsolateral pontine tegmentum was divided into the locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus; the mean percentage of pontospinal neurons containing TH were found to be 85.5 +/- 2.5 (S.E.M.), 79.6 +/- 5.6 and 87.1 +/- 3.1, respectively.
In the urethane-anesthetized rat both electrical stimulation (20 microA, 0.2 ms, 30 s) through micropipettes and glutamate injections (0.1 M, 100 nl) within an area including the dorsal lateral parabrachial nucleus, the adjacent central lateral parabrachial nucleus, the external lateral parabrachial nucleus, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, and the adjacent medial parabrachial nucleus led to increases in mean arterial pressure (electrical, 34.2 +/- 18.6 mm Hg; glutamate, 14.0 +/- 8.3 mm Hg).
The origin and distribution of cerebellar cortical and nuclear afferents from the locus coeruleus complex (the nucleus locus coeruleus, the nucleus subcoeruleus, the medial and lateral subdivisions of the parabrachial nucleus and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus) have been studied by means of retrograde transport of the wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase complex in the cat. It originates mainly within the nucleus locus coeruleus and the parabrachial nucleus (especially in its lateral subdivision), but retrogradely labelled neurons were also found in nucleus subcoeruleus, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the A4 cell group.
Each cycle of rhythmic straining evoked through the reflex center in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus by stimulation of pelvic afferents in decerebrate dogs usually began in early expiration.
Few or no cells within the parabrachial area, the region of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus or the area adjacent to the superior olivary complex (the location of the A5 group of rats) provided TH-IR projections to the spinal cord.
In stages 2-4, positive neurones and glial cells were also present outside the XII nucleus: (a) in the lateral reticular formation, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, raphe and nucleus coeruleus; and (b) in the area around the XII rootlets, including parts of the inferior olive.
The electrolytic lesions made in the stimulated areas were histologically identified to distribute at the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and subcoeruleus.
Neurons in the hypothalamus (lateral, dorsal, ventromedial, dorsomedial, and supraoptic nuclei), raphe system, dorsal tegmental nucleus, locus ceruleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, dorsal parabrachial region, and central tegmental field were positive.
Retrogradely labeled cells were present in the perifornical area and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, dorsal parabrachial area, intermediate and caudal portions of the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the ventral medullary reticular formation in the areas of the A1 and B1 cell groups.
Dense groups of labelled cells were found in the following areas: (1) the nucleus of the solitary tract, particularly the medial, ventrolateral and commissural subnuclei; (2) the ambiguous complex and immediately surrounding area; (3) the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in the pons; (4) the paraventricular nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area.
Extensive projections from other brainstem respiratory related nuclei to the vlNTS were also observed: bilaterally from the nucleus ambiguus, nucleus retroambiguus and nucleus parabrachialis medialis, and ipsilaterally from the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
In the mesencephalic region, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus projected mainly to the ipsilateral lateral subdivision of NVII.
WGA-HRP was injected in the cervical dorsal horn of cat and retrograde labelled cells were observed mainly in the raphe nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, Eddinger-Westphal nucleus, and hypothalamic area, indicating that these descending fiber systems are involved by the DREZ lesion.
The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) in the dorsolateral pons has been shown to be the major source of catecholamine innervation of the spinal cord.
Both sustained and rhythmic straining, but not defaecation and micturition, could be elicited by stimulation of an area of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus. These results show that the rhythmic and sustained straining reflex centres are located in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and in the lower medulla oblongata, respectively..
Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the locus coeruleus (LC), subcoeruleus (SC), Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) and in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) after HRP injections into various spinal segments.
Moreover, rhythmic increases, which appeared synchronously with rhythmic straining in unit discharges recorded from the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and neighboring structures, disappeared after the longitudinal bulbar cut.
Injections of WGA-HRP into medial PB retrogradely labeled neurons in the promontorium and in lamina I of the dorsal rostral SNVc, while injections into lateral PB and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus retrogradely labeled neurons in these areas as well as in lamina I throughout the caudal SNVc and spinal dorsal horn. Injections of WGA-HRP into the caudal SNVc and dorsal horn of the spinal cord resulted in terminal labeling in the dorsal, central, and external lateral subnuclei of PB and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, all of which are known to receive cardiovascular and respiratory afferent information.
caudalis in the cat is from widespread brain stem sources, a pattern different from the catecholamine innervation of the spinal cord, which receives its major catecholamine input from the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus..
parabrachialis medialis, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus) and the ipsilateral ventral respiratory group (VRG; n.
No difference emerged, however, in the number of labeled cells appearing in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus after injection of the enzyme into different levels of the spinal cord.
vagi, complete ablation of pneumotaxic center (PC) by transections of pons in vicinity of caudal border of medial parabrachial nucleus (NPBM) was not followed by a regular decrease of lungs ventilation (V), the latter consistently decreasing only after partial bilateral lesions of PC (either NPBM or Kölliker-Fuse nucleus).
In decerebrate, cerebellectomized, vagotomized, paralyzed and ventilated cats, activities were recorded from the phrenic nerve and single respiratory neurons in the area of the nucleus parabrachialis medialis and Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
The cells which contain catecholamine and project to the lumbar spinal cord of the cat are most densely concentrated in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
These cell groups included the nucleus locus coeruleus, the nucleus subcoeruleus, the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, and the region dorsal and lateral to the superior olivary nucleus.
The projections of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF) are distinct from those of either PBm or PBl.
Two groups of medullary neurons send major projections to NPB and the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF): 1) the solitary complex, especially the medial nucleus of the solitary tract (SM), nearby smaller cells of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and the commissural nucleus; and 2) the lateral tegmental field (FTL), or parvocellular reticular formation.
After injections of HRP into the spinal cord, a significant of HRP labeled neurons were observed in the following dorsolateral pontine tegmental structures: (1) an area ventral to the nucleus cuneiformis; (2) principal locus coeruleus; (3) locus coeruleus a; (4) locuse subcoeruleus; (5) Kölliker-Fuse nucleus; and (6) nucleus parabrachialis lateralis.
With the exception of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, where somewhat larger cells occur, the indolaminergic cell bodies in different parts of the LC complex share a common fluorescence histochemical appearance.
In contrast RRU activity was unchanged at the level of dorsal and ventral bulbar respiratory nuclei and in the nucleus parabrachiallis medialis (NPBM) and was increased in the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus (KF).
Following injections of 3H amino acids into electrophysiologically defined regions of the complex in which cardiac or respiratory units were recorded, labeled fibers could be traced to a number of sites in the caudal brain stem including the medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the area ventral to this nucleus, lateral periaqueductal gray matter, ambiguus complex, which consists of the retrofacial, ambiguus and retroambiguus nuclei, ventrolateral reticular nucleus (in an area equivalent to the A1 cell group of Dahlström and Fuxe, '64), medial accessory olive, paramedian reticular formation, and lateral cuneate nucleus.
In both the cat and monkey, labeled cells were located in the nucleus locus coeruleus, nucleus subcoeruleus, in or near the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, and in the ventral part of the lateral parabrachial nucleus.
-
[ View All ]
