Three different excitatory tracts could be involved in the transmission of upward vestibular eye movement (VEM) signals and upward eye position (EP) signals to the oculomotor nucleus (III): the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), the brachium conjunctivum (BC), and the crossing ventral tegmental tract (CVTT). 
Subsequently, this patient developed metachronous cystic metastases in the cerebello-pontine angles, which were resected and identified as mature teratoma, then we observed a lesion of the brachium conjunctivum which stayed stable after 29 consecutive months.
A high density of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive perikarya was found in the superior colliculus, the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, the trochlear nucleus, the lateral division of the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, the motor trigeminal nucleus, the facial nucleus, the pons reticular formation, the retrofacial nucleus, the rostral hypoglossal nucleus, and in the motor dorsal nucleus of the vagus, whereas a high density of fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide was observed in the lateral division of the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, the parvocellular division of the alaminar spinal trigeminal nucleus, the external cuneate nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the laminar spinal trigeminal nucleus, and in the area postrema.
In contrast, inactivating cerebellar efferent axons in the brachium conjunctivum (BC) with small injections of tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been reported to have no effect on CR acquisition. Contrary to the previous negative findings, we found that this temporary block of axons in the brachium conjunctivum prevented normal acquisition of CRs.
OBJECTIVE: To define the clinical and radiologic picture of patients with unilateral lower midbrain ischemic lesions of the decussation of the brachium conjunctivum.
Brain MRI revealed in both cases a single, small active lesion in the right brachium conjunctivum. The disruption of otolithic signals carried in brachium conjunctivum fibres connecting the fastigial nucleus with the vestibular nuclei is thought to be causatively involved, in agreement with a recently formulated model simulating central positional nystagmus.
The highest density of immunoreactive fibers was found in the motor trigeminal nucleus, the laminar and alaminar spinal trigeminal nuclei, the facial nucleus, the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, the locus coeruleus, the cuneiform nucleus, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, the lateral tegmental field, the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, the inferior central nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and in the inferior vestibular nucleus.
Is this extinction deficit related to interrupting the information flow to efferent targets of the IN? To address this question, we inactivated axons of IN neurons in the brachium conjunctivum (BC).
Within the pons, a significant FLI was observed bilaterally in the parabrachial nucleus (especially in its lateral subnucleus), the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, the nucleus coeruleus, within the medial region of brachium conjunctivum, in the ventrolateral part of the pontine FTG and the FTL.
In contrast, the ventral part of the Sp5O projected almost exclusively to an as yet not formally described region, located dorsally and laterally to the lateral tip of the brachium conjunctivum, close to the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus.
Most other double-labeled cells were located in peribrachial regions, especially lateral to the brachium conjunctivum.
Neuronal responses to the conditioned stimulus (CS) did not change on the whole but decreased in the dorsal region to the brachium conjunctivum.
At this level the involvement of medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) led to right INO and the lesion of brachium conjunctivum caused the bilateral cerebellar ataxia.
The cytoarchitectonic subnuclear organization of the parabrachial nucleus (PB) surrounding the brachium conjunctivum (BC) in the monkey was examined using the Nissl method and the anterograde axonal flow method.
Characteristically, the efferent cerebellar system (eurydendroid cells and brachium conjunctivum) and some afferent cerebellar fibers were CR-ir.
Neurones were extracellularly recorded in the magnocellular red nucleus (RNm) of decerebrated cats and identified by their monosynaptic responses to stimulation of the contralateral brachium conjunctivum (BC), and by their antidromic responses after stimulation of the rubrospinal tract in the cord.
brachium conjunctivum section ipsilateral to the trained limb was carried out following criterion conditioned response (CR) performance. The brachium conjunctivum was found to have been sectioned in four of the seven subjects.
We found that brainstem cells surrounding the brachium conjunctivum express ChAT at birth, although axons in the dLGN do not express ChAT until the end of the first postnatal week.
The presence of CR1 and CR2 after a unilateral lesion of the brachium conjunctivum shows that output from the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere was not the cause for any of the components.
The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) surrounds the brachium conjunctivum in the dorsolateral pons.
Our data showed that (1) the region centered in the internal lateral PB subnucleus projects densely with a bilateral and symmetric pattern to the caudal portion of the paracentral and, to a lesser extent, to the adjacent portion of the central and parafascicular medial thalamic nuclei; (2) the mesencephalic PB region centered in the ventral lateral subnucleus and scattered neurons in the subjacent brachium conjunctivum project primarily, although diffusely, to the central medial thalamic nucleus.
Different deep structures, such as thalamic nuclei, subthalamic structures, palladium, putamen, caudate nucleus, dentate nucleus, and brachium conjunctivum or combination of these structures, were selected as a stereotactic target point.
Cerebellar intention tremor is caused by lesions in the brachium conjunctivum or in the interpositus nucleus, possibly in combination with damage to the dentate nucleus. So-called rubral or midbrain tremor is caused by a combination of damage to the brachium conjunctivum and nigrostriatal pathways in the vicinity of the red nucleus.
the habenulo-interpeduncular tract, decussation of the dorsal tegmentum, the medial longitudinal fasciculus, transverse pontine fibers, the brachium conjunctivum and the inferior cerebellar peduncle were cadherin-8 positive, as were the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, oculomotor nerve, facial nerve and trigeminal nerve.
The spontaneous oscillations were similar to responses evoked in VL relay neurones by stimuli to the afferent cerebellofugal axons in brachium conjunctivum (BC) and were strikingly reduced or abolished after electrolytic lesion of BC axons.
The output from one cerebellar hemisphere was blocked either by injecting small amounts of lignocaine (lidocaine; 0.5-1.0 microliter) into the brachium conjunctivum, or by a restricted mechanical lesion of the brainstem rostral to the cerebellum. When mechanical lesions of the brachium conjunctivum were made, contralateral responses, in contrast to ipsilateral responses, recovered within 1-2.5 h.
These injections led to the anterograde labelling of varicose fibers that arborized profusely in common regions of the PPN dorsal to the brachium conjunctivum.
To investigate whether corticothalamic (CT) neurons in the motor cortex (Mx) receive cerebellar input via the ventroanterior-ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus (VA-VL), we recorded intracellular potentials from neurons in the Mx of anesthetized cats and examined effects of stimulation of the VA-VL and the brachium conjunctivum on them.
However, a high density of immunoreactive fibers was found in the periaqueductal gray, the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, the locus coeruleus, and the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum.
Orthodromic responses to stimuli applied to brachium conjunctivum (BC) axons and corticothalamic pathways were studied.
Ten of the cell groups were situated within the region of the midline from the isthmic to the posterior rhombencephalic level and constituted the raphe system (nucleus annularis, decussatio brachium conjunctivum, area ventralis, external border of the nucleus interpeduncularis, zona peri-nervus oculomotorius, zona perifasciculus longitudinalis medialis, zona inter-flm, nucleus linearis caudalis, nucleus raphe superior pars ventralis, nucleus raphe inferior).
Further inputs to the LTR originated in the deep and intermediate layers of the ipsilateral superior colliculus and the ipsilateral periaqueductal gray, the contralateral LTR, and the contralateral marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum.
Stimulation of the brachium conjunctivum (BC) produced di- or polysynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in corticocortical neurons projecting to the Mx and corticofugal neurons to the pontine nucleus in the Px.
Stimulation of the brachium conjunctivum (BC) evoked disynaptic EPSPs with a long decay phase in RNNs in the anterior ventrolateral part of the RN.
(2) The second soon splits, sending axons within the ipsilateral and contralateral brachium conjunctivum and is distributed to the superior and medial vestibular nuclei.
In pentobarbitone-anaesthetized cats, responses were recorded as surface positive potentials in the motor cortex on forelimb and brachium conjunctivum stimulation. Lesions of the sensory cortex (sparing only the depth of the coronary sulcus) abolished or reduced short-latency peripheral responses, in the motor cortex, on both skin and muscle nerve stimulation to less than 10% of control, while brachium conjunctivum responses were unchanged. When the sensory cortex was inactivated by spreading depression, peripheral responses in the motor cortex were abolished before the spreading depression reached the recording point, as judged from the brachium conjunctivum response. It differed from that of thalamo-cortical response evoked on brachium conjunctivum stimulation.
Retrograde labelling from LPO was found in the archistriatum, dorsomedial thalamic complex, nuclei lateralis anterior and superficialis parvicellularis thalami, substantia nigra, central gray, area ventralis tegmentalis of Tsai, and locus coeruleus and in cells dorsal to the decussation of brachium conjunctivum.
In the lateral tegmental field, the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, the superior central nucleus, the nucleus sagulum, the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, the interpeduncular nucleus and the retrorubral nucleus the density of immunoreactive cell bodies was moderate. A high density of immunoreactive fibers was observed in the substantia nigra, the nucleus ruber, the superior and inferior colliculi, the periaqueductal gray, the interpeduncular nucleus, the central, magnocellular and lateral tegmental fields, the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, the postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, the inferior olive, the internal division of the lateral reticular nucleus and the medial and lateral nuclei of the superior olive.
A moderate density of immunoreactive fibers was observed in the periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus, marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum and below the facial nucleus, whereas a low density of such fibers was found in the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus, pericentral nucleus of the inferior colliculus, nucleus incertus, medial division of the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, accessory dorsal tegmental nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, lateral tegmental field, postpyramidal nucleus of the raphe, pericentral division of the dorsal tegmental nucleus, infratrigeminal nucleus, medial nucleus of the solitary tract, spinal trigeminal tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and in the lateral reticular nucleus.
Both types of response were abolished by injections of small amounts of lignocaine into the brachium conjunctivum.
A moderate density of immunoreactive fibers was found in the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal nucleus of the raphe, area postrema, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and in the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, whereas a low density of fibers was observed in the lateral tegmental field, laminar and alaminar spinal trigeminal nuclei, nucleus of the trapezoid body, nucleus coeruleus, brachium conjunctivum, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, periaqueductal gray and in the inferior and superior colliculi.
The densest network of immunoreactive fibres was visualized in the interpeduncular nucleus, marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, alaminar and laminar spinal trigeminal nuclei and in the substantia nigra.
The main axon ascended through the deep reticular formation beneath the brachium conjunctivum to the rostral extent of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, where it crossed the midline.
The highest density of immunoreactive fibers was found in the substantia nigra, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, nucleus coeruleus, lateral tegmental field, marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, and in the inferior and medial vestibular nuclei.
Cerebellar inputs to each of these regions have been characterized electrophysiologically by depth profiles of cortical potentials following stimulation of the brachium conjunctivum and of the VA-VL complex, and morphologically by the laminar distribution of thalamocortical (TC) terminations, in aggregate and at the single-axon level.
In order to determine if cerebellar outflow to the orbicularis oculi muscle is bilateral, we stimulated both the brachium conjunctivum and a cortical area in the c3 zone of the cerebellar cortex which controls eyeblink.
The highest density of immunoreactive fibers was observed in the substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray, marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, medial vestibular nucleus, medial nucleus of the solitary tract, laminar spinal trigeminal nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial division of the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, locus coeruleus, dorsal tegmental nucleus and in the spinal trigeminal tract.
Finally, a few immunoreactive fibers were observed in the pontine gray, nucleus coeruleus, marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, nucleus of the solitary tract, inferior olive, and in the tegmental fields..
We previously found that the center of animal hypnosis production in the rabbit is located around the locus ceruleus and brachium conjunctivum (LC-BC) of the brainstem.
Somatosensory neurons projecting to the mesencephalic parabrachial area (MPBA), which is located ventral to the inferior colliculus and dorsal to the brachium conjunctivum, were recorded from the bulbar reticular formation of adult cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose.
The nuclei coeruleus, sagulum, praepositus hypoglossi, cuneiform, dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, lateral tegmental field, inferior colliculus, periaqueductal gray and nucleus of the solitary tract had a moderate density of immunoreactive fibers.
Moreover, a moderate density of somatostatin-28 (1-12)-immunoreactive processes was found in the dorsal nucleus of the raphe, dorsal tegmental nucleus, accessory dorsal tegmental nucleus, periaqueductal gray and in the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum.
Moreover, a high density of neurotensin-immunoreactive fibers was observed in the periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus and in the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum.
Stimulation in the brachium conjunctivum or white matter adjacent to the cerebellar nuclei excited 85 neurons in the thalamus at short latencies.
This study examined the somal areas, dendritic features and orientations of neurons within taste responsive regions of the parabrachial complex, including the "waist" area that spans the brachium conjunctivum.
We previously found that the center from which animal hypnosis is controlled in the rabbit is located in the area that includes the brachium conjunctivum and locus coeruleus (LC-BC) of the brainstem.
As in mammals, most extracerebellar projections of CbM travel in the fasciculus uncinatus (FU); the rest travel with those of CbL in the brachium conjunctivum (BC).
These labeled structures included the central nucleus of the amygdala; the entopeduncular nucleus; the globus pallidus; the reticular and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus; parts of the hypothalamus including the dorsal, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic areas and the ventromedial and parvicellular nuclei; the zona incerta and fields of Forel; parts of the substantia nigra including the pars reticularis and pars lateralis, and the retrorubral area; the pretectum; the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus; the periaqueductal gray; the dorsal nucleus of the raphe; portions of the reticular formation, including the mesencephalic, pontis oralis, pontis caudalis, gigantocellularis, ventralis, and lateralis reticular nuclei; the nucleus cuneiformis; the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum; the locus coeruleus; portions of the trigeminal complex, including the principal sensory and spinal nuclei; portions of the vestibular complex, including the lateral division of the superior nucleus and the medial nucleus; deep cerebellar nuclei, including the medial and lateral cerebellar nuclei; and lamina VII of the cervical spinal cord.
About one third of the lamina I neurons labeled after injections of a retrograde tracer into the region surrounding the brachium conjunctivum received contacts from immunoreactive varicosities.
WGA-HRP study clarified that the cells in the region around the ventrolateral edge of the brachium conjunctivum project to the cells in the C1 area and subfacial cell group of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), suggesting that the cells in this region may send a message to the sympathetic premotor and respiratory premotor cells in the RVLM.
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tracing experiments in the cat demonstrated projections from the trigeminal sensory nuclei to the mesencephalic parabrachial area (PBA), which is located ventral to the inferior colliculus and dorsal to the brachium conjunctivum and includes the nucleus cuneiformis and the most lateral part of the periaqueductal gray.
The vestibular neurons project to the rostral, external eye motor nuclei over one or the other of three separate pathways; the ipsilateral and contralateral medial longitudinal fascicle and the contralateral brachium conjunctivum. The brachium conjunctivum component originates dorsally in the superior vestibular region and projects to the contralateral inferior oblique and superior rectus motor nuclei.
No labeled fibers from either of the two ampullar nerves were seen outside the vestibular root and nuclei, except for small-caliber fibers from the SV heading towards the brachium conjunctivum.
Stimulation of a region of slices presumably corresponding to the decussation of brachium conjunctivum evoked mainly monosynaptic EPSPs with a "fast"-rise time in the RN neurons, which suggests activation of the synaptic input from the cerebellar nucleus interpositus.
Some crossed fibers ascended with the contralateral brachium conjunctivum and terminated in the midbrain tegmentum.
The other group consists of double-labeled cells surrounding the brachium conjunctivum.
HRP-labeled axons of the paralemniscal-facial pathway were observed to cross the midline by traveling ventral to the brachium conjunctivum in the caudal mesencephalon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS).
The ascending projections originate from a group of subnuclei surrounding various components of the brachium conjunctivum, namely, the superficial lateral, dorsolateral, dorsomedial, and ventromedial subnuclei.
We report a case of upbeating nystagmus accompanying a focal hemorrhagic lesion of the left brachium conjunctivum, the anterior vermis, and the anterior superior left cerebellar hemisphere.
The UBN of the second case was suspected to be associated with lesions in the brachium conjunctivum.
Boutons of the corticopontine system were labeled by the orthograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase injected into the sensorimotor cortex while cerebellopontine terminals were marked for electron microscopic identification in the same animal by transecting the brachium conjunctivum and allowing sufficient time for boutons in the pontine nuclei to exhibit degeneration.
The highest concentration of [ 3H]-WB4101 was observed in the nucleus pretectalis, followed by the nucleus brachium conjunctivum descendens.
5HTir neurons were observed in the central gray of the IVth ventricle, dorsal to the noradrenergic isthmal neurons and lateral to the brachium conjunctivum, in an area topologically equivalent with the dorsal subdivision of the locus coeruleus in mammals.
One hundred forty-one trigeminomesencephalic neurons in the sensory trigeminal nucleus of cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose were identified by antidromic stimulation of the mesencephalic parabrachial area (PBA) which includes the nucleus cuneiformis, lateral periaqueductal gray matter, and the region between the inferior colliculus and brachium conjunctivum.
The movements elicited in rats with injury of the red nucleus region, including the ascending fibers of the brachium conjunctivum, are presumably mediated to the spinal cord through the reticulospinal pathway.
Following microinjection of True Blue in the CNA, retrogradely-labeled neurons were located primarily in the external lateral subnucleus, abutting the brachium conjunctivum.
The proximal course of the developing brachium conjunctivum (BC) in the rat described from embryonic day 16 (E16) to one day postnatal (P1).
Intensely stained NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers were found in the stria terminalis, marginal region of the central tegmental field, dorsal tegmental nucleus, and spinal trigeminal tract as well as around the brachium conjunctivum.
There is a substantial projection to the parabrachial nuclear complex with terminations in all its subnuclei and minor projections to locus coeruleus and several mesencephalic areas, including the ventral area of Tsai, the nucleus of the ascending brachium conjunctivum, and the compact portion of the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus.
The magnitude of the glutamate responses appeared to be inversely related to the distance between the ventrolateral tip of the brachium conjunctivum and the site of injection.
The low-threshold region continued in the white matter caudally into vermal lobule VII and rostrally into the dorsal aspect of the brachium conjunctivum.
(2) Intracellular recordings from identified corticospinal cells were performed on cats acutely prepared on section of the brachium conjunctivum and the dorsal columns of the spinal cord.
Antidromic activation of the pontine nuclei neurons evoked by stimulation of brachium pontis, brachium conjunctivum (in rare cases), cerebellar central nuclei, pyramidal tract and sensorimotor cerebral cortex was studied in narcotized cats using the intracellular recording technique. Monosynaptic excitation of the pontine nuclei neurons during stimulation of the pyramidal tract, cerebellar central nuclei and brachium conjunctivum was revealed.
Electrolytic lesions were made in the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum).
Increases in the intravesical pressure (IVP), indicative of urinary bladder contractions, were observed following low intensity (less than 50 microA) electrical stimulation in the brachium conjunctivum (BC) and the surrounding parabrachial nucleus (PBN).
It was demonstrated with autoradiographic methods that a tract of thin fibers, which is for the most part distinct from the brachium conjunctivum and its crossed descending limb, can be followed from the cerebellar nuclei to the inferior olive.
Immediately prior to the appearance of PGO waves, neurons located in the region of the brachium conjunctivum exhibit bursts of increased firing, while neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei show a cessation of firing.
Essentially, six regions in the brainstem contained retrogradely labeled cells: the superior colliculus, the parabigeminal nucleus, the dorsal raphe nuclei, the parabrachial area of the central tegmental field, the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, and the nucleus coeruleus. In the sections immunostained for ChAT, double-labeled cells were located in the central tegmental field, in the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, and in the nucleus coeruleus. In the sections treated for TH and DBH, double-labeled cells showed a similar distribution, and like the ChAT(+) cells, they were located mainly in the central tegmental field, in the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum, and in the nucleus coeruleus. The majority of retrogradely labeled cells were located in the region of the central tegmental field in the vicinity of the brachium conjunctivum, and most of these cells were also ChAT-immunoreactive.
The parabrachial nucleus neurons were demonstrated to have long dendrites extending into the brachium conjunctivum after horseradish peroxidase was injected into the amygdala.
The axons of the T neurons pass through a region closely ventral to the lateral part of the brachium conjunctivum (BC), continue rostrally in a region between the BC and the lateral lemniscus, arch medially around the rostral part of the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, cross the midline, continue to the contralateral side by about 1.5 mm lateral from the midline, arch rostrally, run in the central tegmental field on the contralateral side, arch dorsomedially around the caudal pole of the red nucleus, and enter the contralateral oculomotor nucleus (OMN) from the ventrolateral side.
The fibers arising from the dentate nucleus primarily project to the reticular formation via the contralateral and ipsilateral descending limbs of the brachium conjunctivum.
In contrast to the current concept of abortive regeneration of mammalian central axons, the occurrence of marked, functionally active, regeneration of the cerebellofugal projection was proved in the cat after complete transection of the decussation of the brachium conjunctivum (BCX).
The incoming volley recorded in the brachium conjunctivum caudally to the VL was also analysed.
The Bechterew nucleus neurons were found to receive direct activating inputs from brachium conjunctivum, cerebellar central nuclei and the pyramidal tract.
Monocular downbeat nystagmus is a rare manifestation of combined nuclear-supranuclear ophthalmoparesis that is seemingly secondary to dysfunction of cerebellar-modulated crossed oculovestibular fibers of the brachium conjunctivum, integrator neurons, or posterior commissure crossing fibers originating at the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and mediating vertical ocular reflexes..
It is concluded that: the substantia innominata, caudal periventricular and periaqueductal gray, lateral pontine and medullary reticular formation represent relay stations of vocalization-controlling pathways; the periaqueductal gray represents the lowest relay station above the level of motor coordination; neurons responsible for motor coordination of vocalization lie in the reticular formation around the caudal brachium conjunctivum, the superior olive, n.
Cerebellar effects on these identified corticofugal neurons were investigated, using electrical stimulation of the brachium conjunctivum (BC).
In contrast to the current concept of abortive regeneration of mammalian central axons, occurrence of marked, functionally active regeneration of the cerebellofugal projection was proved in kittens after complete transection of the decussation of the brachium conjunctivum (BCX).
When nerve and olive stimulation was preceded at long intervals (greater than 35 ms) by weak electrical stimulation of an ipsilateral mesencephalic area close to the locus coeruleus and brachium conjunctivum, CFRs could be virtually abolished in the pars intermedia but not in the vermis.
On the basis of immunocytochemical and cytoarchitectonic data, PPN was divided into two distinct cell groups - a compact cell group located dorsolateral to the brachium conjunctivum and a diffuse cell group intermingled among the fibers of the brachium conjunctivum.
Cells that exhibited CR-related increases in firing (excitatory cells) were found in reticular formation surrounding the motor trigeminal nucleus (zone h), including the supra-trigeminal region, and in a region dorsal and dorsomedial to the brachium conjunctivum.
The divergent collateralization of the ipsilateral descending limb of the brachium conjunctivum was here studied in the rat by means of fluorescent retrograde double-labeling.
Neurons projecting into the POL were located in three areas: the telencephalon, where they were scattered in the paleostriatum, the archistriatum and ventral hyperstriatum, and among the fibers of different tracts including the anterior commissure, the occipito-mesencephalic tract and the fasciculus prosencephali lateralis; the diencephalon, where fluorescent neurons with large multipolar perikarya were found in the dorsal thalamic wall; the midbrain, where large perikarya were located in the ventralis area of Tsai, the locus coeruleus, the nucleus subcoeruleus, around the medial longitudinal fasciculus, in the substantia grisea centralis, the formatio reticularis mesencephali and among the fibers of the brachium conjunctivum.
A group of stained neurones was located in the marginal nucleus of brachium conjunctivum and some were found in the raphé nuclei near obex.
The dentate implantations (with no contamination of the adjacent interposed nuclei) show that in the cat the great majority of the dentatofugal fibres leave the ipsilateral brachium conjunctivum to decussate below the red nucleus.
It was found that the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum (BCM) contained areas active in control of all three vascular beds studied.
Areas active in control of arterial pressure and iliac vasoconstriction were located in the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum (BCM) and in parts of the central tegmental fields (FTC) of the mesencephalon.
Olfactory-gustatory elements were located in the lateral portion of the taste-responsive area of the PbN, just below the brachium conjunctivum.
After injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the area surrounding the brachium conjunctivum, numerous neurons were labeled ipsilaterally near levels of the obex in the paratrigeminal nucleus.
However, a distinct bundle of serotoninergic axons is present in the medial aspect of the brachium conjunctivum.
Six of the 7 cases of post-lesion disruption of ipsilateral conditioned responding involved either ipsilateral brachium conjunctivum or the rubrobulbar tract. This finding, together with a reexamination of data from two related studies from this laboratory strongly support the conclusion that an essential premotor component of the conditioned NM response is a doubly decussating circuit from the interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum to magnocellular red nucleus, via brachium conjunctivum and its decussation, and from red nucleus caudally, via the ventral tegmental bundle and the rubrobulbar tract, to the accessory abducens nucleus, where motoneurons involved in the NM response are located.
Corticoparabrachial fibers from the infralimbic cortex ended mostly in the parabrachial regions surrounding the brachium conjunctivum..
Cholinergic stimulation by microinjection of drugs into a region surrounding the lateral half of the brachium conjunctivum selectively produces a non-opiate form of pain suppression in the cat.
It is suggested that the vertical oculomotor abnormalities are due to dysfunction of the ipsilateral brachium conjunctivum..
The present results indicate that the efferent connections of the cerebellar nuclei in the lizard Varanus exanthematicus are organized as two main projections, an ascending projection comparable to the mammalian brachium conjunctivum arising in the lateral cerebellar nucleus, and a descending projection comparable to the mammalian hook bundle (fasciculus uncinatus), originating mainly in the medial cerebellar nucleus.
Intracellular recordings were made from neurons of the pedunculo-pontine region (PPR), the midbrain-pontine tegmentum around the brachium conjunctivum, in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats.
Placement of DC lesions in the lateral thalamus or the red nucleus and brachium conjunctivum abolished the tonic component of the neocortical phase, indicating possible involvement of cerebellar circuitry..
In cats, bilateral microinjections of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol (0.6 micrograms in 0.2 microliter), into an area surrounding the lateral half of the brachium conjunctivum (BC) produces a non-narcotic suppression of nociceptive responses, as assessed by flexion reflexes (tail-flick and calibrated pinch tests).
Besides DA cells of SN and its extensions, DA cells were also observed more caudally in nucleus raphe linearis intermedius and dorsalis, decussation of brachium conjunctivum, fasciculus longitudinalis medialis and periaqueductal gray.
Type A, B and C neurones were found intermingled, around the brachium conjunctivum and among its fibres from the level of the decussation to the posterior end of the locus coeruleus complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS).
Carbachol microinjection into an area surrounding the lateral half of the brachium conjunctivum (parabrachial region, PBR) produced profound suppression of nociceptive responses.
Nociceptive somatosensory function was primarily suppressed following microinjections into a more lateral area surrounding the lateral half of the brachium conjunctivum.
in interneurones is considered and it is proposed that the effect is mediated by a group of neurones located in the caudal mesencephalon and the rostral pons close to the fibres of the brachium conjunctivum..
Their axons ascended neither in the brachium conjunctivum nor in the medial longitudinal fasciculus, but proceeded rostrally in the ventral part of the brain stem..
In addition, a small primordial brachium conjunctivum, projecting to the red nucleus, was noted.
In that constellation, the AChE neurons are clustered in 2 continuous cell groups: one located dorsolaterally, the other lying ventromedially to the brachium conjunctivum. The thick processes of these neurons form impressive AChE neuronal networks that surround and pervade the brachium conjunctivum over long distances.
The distribution, organization and origin of the ipsilateral descending limb of the brachium conjunctivum (B.C.), have been studied in the rat by using anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques.
brachium conjunctivum stimulation evokes two distinct responses in thalamic relay cells.
Small fibers were also seen in the brachium conjunctivum oriented towards the cerebellum, from the superior vestibular nucleus.
Slight, if any, labeling was noted in either the ipsilateral or contralateral brachium conjunctivum or regions corresponding to the mammalian ascending tract of Deiters.
The presence of degenerating nigral and cerebellar synaptic terminals in the intermediate and deep layers of the cat superior colliculus was demonstrated by electron microscopy following lesions of the substantia nigra or brachium conjunctivum. Two kinds of cerebellar terminals were distinguished by general appearances such as size, type of synaptic contact and type of synaptic vesicle and by the pattern of degenerative changes following electrical lesion of the brachium conjunctivum. The finding of the two types of degenerating terminal after lesion of the brachium conjunctivum can be considered as evidence of the coexistence of at least two kinds of cerebellar terminals in the superior colliculus.
In a preliminary series of experiments horseradish peroxidase was injected into either the entopeduncular nucleus or the subthalamic nucleus and, following anterograde transport of enzyme, terminal labelling was identified in nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus, surrounding the brachium conjunctivum in the caudal mesencephalon.
When HRP injection was restricted to the VPMpcl or VPMpcm, HRP-labeled neurons were mainly observed ipsilaterally, respectively, in the dorsal division of the Vp, or in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) regions dorsomedial and ventromedial to the brachium conjunctivum.
Type I units were identified as cerebellar nuclear units by their antidromic responses to stimulation of the contralateral brachium conjunctivum (b.c.) in the mid-brain and by their inhibitory responses to stimulation of the cerebellar cortex.
During hypothermia induced in ground squirrels by the halothane-heliox method, 2-deoxyglucose uptake of a white matter structure, the brachium conjunctivum, increased relative to the surrounding gray matter structures. The possibility of 2-deoxyglucose uptake by glial as well as neuronal elements in the brachium conjunctivum and the implications of this observation for the use of optical density ratios is discussed..
Although the vast majority of cerebellopontine axons reached the BPN via the descending limb of the brachium conjunctivum (BC) after crossing the midline within the midbrain, a relatively small number of ipsilaterally projecting fibers was also observed.
Axons of these neurons project rostrally via the medial longitudinal fasciculus, while a minor projection via the brachium conjunctivum is also found.
Three types of neurons are identified according to their initial axonal trajectories into the cerebellum, the dorsal pontine reticular formation, or the brachium conjunctivum.
This area included the lateral central gray, mesencephalic trigeminal root, dorsal brachium conjunctivum and nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus (NTPP) and perhaps anterodorsal locus coeruleus.
Neurons which received IPSP from the SNr were distributed in the VM nucleus, ventromedial to the VL nucleus, where fibers from the contralateral brachium conjunctivum terminate.
Similar thalamic injections were also made in animals with extensive bilateral lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) and the brachium conjunctivum (BC).
Mainly unilateral pathways reach the ventromedial nucleus of thalamus and also pass under the lateral part of the colliculus to reach the region of the nucleus pendunculo-pontinus among the fibres of the brachium conjunctivum.
The magnitude of pressor responses and their stimulus sensitivity were substantially greater in NPB than in adjacent areas of the dorsal pons including nucleus locus coeruleus and brachium conjunctivum, suggesting that cardiovascular responses heretofore attributed to locus coeruleus may have been due to excitation of the NPB.
Subsequent of their achieving stable rates of responding for electrical stimulation through electrodes implanted in the region of the brachium conjunctivum, rats were anaesthetized and 6-hydroxydopamine injected through an implanted guide tube into the area of lateral hypothalamus in which the ascending axons of dopamine-containing neurones are found.
Axons of this pathway ascend in the brachium conjunctivum, while axons of the other semicircular canal pathways ascend in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). We report two cases of primary position upbeat nystagmus where lesions of the brachium conjunctivum were suggested by computed tomography (CT) scans.
Cerebellothalamic fibers from the interpositus and dentate nuclei coursed in the ipsilateral brachium conjunctivum, decussated in the caudal midbrain, and ascended to the thalamus via the crossed ascending limb of the brachium conjunctivum.
The uncrossed ascending limb of the right, and the crossed one of the left brachium conjunctivum may have been damaged by the unilateral lesion extending between caudal midbrain and dorsal thalamus..
They could be induced by brachium conjunctivum stimulation or they could also occur spontaneously.
Relatively large numbers of neurons with collateral projections to both enlargements (double-labeled) were observed in the medullary and pontine reticular formation, the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei bilaterally, the ipsilateral lateral vestibular nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, caudal midline raphe nuclei and nuclear regions surrounding the brachium conjunctivum.
Lesions were placed by electrocautery in the sensorimotor cortex or were placed electrolytically in the deep cerebellar nuclei and brachium conjunctivum using a stereotaxic approach.
Unilateral transections of the brachium conjunctivum (BC) of cats resulted, after 2-3 weeks, in marked loss of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity from the contralateral red nucleus (RN) and ventral tier nuclei of the thalamus (VA-VL).
More caudally, labeled cells were found in central linear (LC), superior central (CS) and dorsal raphe nuclei (DR), in the ventrolateral tegmentum and between the decussating fibers of the brachium conjunctivum.
Discrete electrolytic lesions were placed in the dentate and interpositus cerebellar nuclei in th monkey Macaca mulatta and anterograde degeneration was traced in the ascending limb of the brachium conjunctivum using the Wiitanen technique.
Cats submitted to chronic cerebellar decortication, acute brachium conjunctivum (BC) section, acute prerubral hemidecerebration or chronic prerubral hemidecerebration and contralateral BC section, were used as controls.
Terminal degeneration of cerebellar afferents in the ventral medial thalamic nucleus (VM) was studied in cats at the ultrastructural level after uni- or bilateral lesions in the brachium conjunctivum (BC).
The identity of seventy-seven cells as cerebellar projection neurones was definitively established by activating them antidromically from the brachium conjunctivum near the contralateral red nucleus.
In its caudal continuation the tract lies ventral to the brachium conjunctivum and the entering radix of the trigeminal nerve.
Reticulospinal tracts originating from the mesencephalic reticular formation (RF) were composed of: (1) descending projections arising from the cluster of cells located just lateral to the periaqueductal gray that course in the anterior funiculus (AF) and ventral part of the lateral funiculus (LF) with ipsilateral predominance; and (2) projections from the cluster of cells located dorsal to the brachium conjunctivum that course in the ipsilateral LF.
In addition to a sham injection, control injections were also made to the medial lemnisuc, red nucleus, deep tegmental decussations, mesencephalic reticular formation and brachium conjunctivum.
Fibers in the brachium conjunctivum do not contribute to these responses.
In contrast, stimulation of the glossopharyngeal nerve (GL) gave rise to no detectable negative field potential around the brachium conjunctivum.
Following unilateral cerebellar nuclear ablation or transection of the brachium conjunctivum, degenerating axon terminals were identified within the pontine nuclei of adult opossums.
At least 95% of the neurones were cerebellar efferent cells since they were antidromically invaded following electrical stimulation of the brachium conjunctivum in the region of the contralateral red nucleus.
Lesions placed at various locations of cerebellar output pathways demonstrated that the responses were mediated by the descending branch of brachium conjunctivum and did not require the activation of structures anterior to and including the red nucleus.
Using the paired sample method for comparing data cube by cube in the two conditions it was shown that under pentobarbitone, RRU activity was profoundly depressed in the reticular formation surrounding dorsal and ventral bulbar respiratory nuclei, in the region bridging the gap between these and the pneumotaxic centre and extending from the pneumotaxic level to the decussation of the brachium conjunctivum.
The following pathway seems to be the simplest which would account for these findings: anterior semicircular canal leads to superior vestibular nucleus leads to brachium conjunctivum leads to oculomotor nucleus leads to superior rectus muscle (ipsilateral) and inferior oblique muscle (contralateral)..
The neurons which received IPSPs from the ENT distributed in the rostromedial VL and in the rostral VA, whereas relay cells responding only to the contralateral brachium conjunctivum were found in the caudal VL and in the dorsolateral portion of the rostral VL-VA complex.
Acute RB interruption between stimulating electrode and cerebellum abolished single muscle contractions; conversely, complex movements remained unmodified even when the RB was lesioned in cats chronically submitted to interruption of brachium conjunctivum (BC).
These units could be activated antidromically by stimulation of the oculomotor nucleus but at a very high intensity suggesting current spread to the nearby brachium conjunctivum fibers.
The PGO burst neurons are recorded in a discrete dorsal brainstem area in apposition to the brachium conjunctivum..
By lesioning the MLF or brachium conjunctivum immediately after iontophoresis it was demonstrated that positive cells in the dorsum of the superior vestibular nucleus are backfilled via their axons which ascend in the brachium conjunctivum. It is concluded that cells dorsally located in the superior nucleus relay the disynaptic excitatory vestibulo-ocular reflex from the anterior canal to the contralateral 3rd nucleus via their axons which ascend in the brachium conjunctivum..
The cerebellofugal projections in the ipsilateral and contralateral descending pathways of the brachium conjunctivum (B.C.) in the rat have been investigated in 22 animals using the Fink-Heimer technique to demonstrate the axonal degeneration resulting from complete B.C.
These studies therefore demonstrate that the axons of some neurons in the dentate and interposed nuclei have collateral branches in both the ascending and descending limbs of the brachium conjunctivum as well as in the cerebellar nucleocortical pathway.
Acetylcholine, biogenic amines, and certain amino acids were applied by microiontophoresis to parvicellular and magnocellular red nucleus (RN) neurons of baboon while recording brachium conjunctivum (BC)-evoked and amino acid-evoked unit discharge from these neurons. These experiments demonstrate a difference in the pharmacologic responsiveness of parvicellular and magnocellular RN neurons to acetylcholine but do not provide evidence for a cholinergic input to RN via the brachium conjunctivum..
Phasic waves similar to those observed in the visual system of the awake and sleeping cat ("EMP" and "PGO waves" respectively) were recorded in an area surrounding brachium conjunctivum of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF).
Neurons in the dentate and interposed nuclei, identified by their antidromic activation from the brachium conjunctivum, could also be activated antidromically from the cerebellar surface. Collision experiments demonstrated that projections from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the cerebellar cortex are in part collaterals of efferent neurons projecting through the brachium conjunctivum.
Acute lesion experiments indicated that signals for this excitation reached IIIrd and IVth nuclei via three different pathways; from the anterior canal through the ipsilateral brachium conjunctivum, from the horizontal canal through the ipsilateral fasciculus longitudinalis medialis and from the posterior canal through the contralateral fasciculus longitudinalis medialis..
Olivary fibers from both the interposed and dentate nuclei traverse the brachium conjunctivum descendens and distribute primarily to the rostral 2/3 to 3/4 of the olive, whereas those from fastigial neurons take a different route and end more caudally.
Single shock stimulation of the interpositus (IP) and lateral nucleus (LN) of the cerebellum, brachium conjunctivum (BC), red nucleus (RN) and cerebral peduncle (CP) induced monosynaptic EPSPs in the NRTP neurones.
Electrophysiological properties of the brachium conjunctivum-red nucleus (BC-RN) synaptic system were studied in barbiturate-anesthetized baboon (Papio).
(6) Chronic section of the brachium conjunctivum abolished or changed the characteristics of the contractions produced by thalamic stimulation indicating that the previous effects were produced by stimulation of cerebellar efferent fibers reaching the thalamus.
Tissue of a multiple sclerosis plaque in the brachium conjunctivum of the pons known to contain peripheral myelin by light microscopic studies were removed from the paraffin block and processed for electron microscopic studies.
The gustatory zone lies within and just dorsal and ventral to the brachium conjunctivum as it enters the pons from the cerebellum.
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