The objective of the present study was to study the microstructure of the corpus callosum (CC) and the anterior commissure (AC) to differentiate between different mechanisms of damage to these structures. 
Entry into the third ventricle was accomplished through an interforniceal fenestration immediately behind the anterior commissure. Alternatively, a transcavum interforniceal route for endoscopic surgery in the third ventricle is suggested, with the rostral lamina and the anterior commissure as important anatomical landmarks.
In addition, the coordinates of the two landmarks, anterior commissure and posterior commissure, were determined using both imaging methods. The length of the anterior commissure-posterior commissure distance differed significantly (P < 0.0001) between MRI (27.6 +/- 1.6 mm) and ventriculography (25.0 +/- 1.3 mm). The mismatch was mainly induced by an anterior displacement of the anterior commissure by 1.9 +/- 2.2 mm (P < 0.0001) in MRI determination, as compared with ventriculography.
Endoscopically, the web can be incised with cold instruments or by laser, mitomycin-C can be applied, and a silastic keel can be inserted in the anterior commissure.
Distances between trajectories to the coronal suture and the genu of the corpus callosum (CC) and between the posterior border of the anterior commissure to the lower end of the rostrum of the CC and posterior border of the foramen of Monro were measured. RESULTS: The AIF approach provided adequate access to the anterior third ventricle and related structures (i.e., hypothalamus, infundibular recess, and mamillary bodies) through the corridor bounded by the anterior commissure anteriorly and the choroid plexus at the foramen of Monro posteriorly. The mean distance between the posterior border of the anterior commissure and the lower end of the rostrum of the CC was 5.22 mm (4.6-5.6 mm), and 10.52 mm (9.7-11.5 mm) to the posterior border of the foramen of Monro.
However, cortex-restricted Rac1 deletion exhibited striking agenesis of commissural axons including the corpus callosum and anterior commissure without affecting other corticofugal axons including corticospinal and corticothalamic projections.
In the midbrain, individual axons entering the commissural system from each of the w, x, y, z tracts after mid-embryogenesis (55%) are seen to systematically de-fasciculate from an anterior commissure and re-fasciculate with another more posterior commissure en route across the midline, a feature we call "fascicle switching".
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effective method to treat the glottic carcinoma invading the anterior commissure, we observed the difference of three kinds of operation to the anterior commissure of dogs by semiconductor laser. METHOD: Twelve dogs were divided into 3 groups at random, A: to cauterize to the thyroid cartilage's inner membrane of the anterior commissure, the right ventricular bands and vocal cord, the anterior and 1/3 of the left vocal cord; B: to cauterize part of the thyroid cartilage of the anterior commissure besides A; C: to open a window about 5 mm x 5 mm on the thyroid cartilage of the anterior commissure besides B. Different extent of adhesion could be seen at the anterior commissure in group A, B and C after 4 weeks, the laryngeal web formed, and the length of vocal cord was shorter than before. The color and luster of anterior commissure membrane was normal basically, the inflammatory reaction was not heavy in A and B groups. To observe the gross specimen: the wound of anterior commissure was covered by prosthetic epithelia completely in three groups. The window was closed by complete membrane at the anterior commissure.
CONCLUSION: Chondrolaryngoplasty with translaryngeal needle placement to identify the level of the anterior commissure is a safe, effective surgical technique that minimizes the most significant risks of the surgical procedure..
This surgery allowed for extensive exposure of the ipsilateral vocal fold and the contralateral hemilarynx, through the laryngeal ventricle, and thus enabled bi-instrumental handling of the vestibular fold, laryngeal ventricle, and from the anterior commissure to the arytenoids, bilaterally.
The squamous cell carcinoma and leiomyosarcoma involved both the vocal cords and the anterior commissure.
The following variables were measured: clinical (the distance of the polyp from the anterior commissure, the width of the polyp base and the size of the polyp), and acoustic (F0, jitter, shimmer, harmonic-to-noise ratio, voice turbulence index, degree of voice breaks, and long-term average spectrum).
The neuronal densities in both the rostral and caudal sides were lower than that in the middle region at the anterior commissure level, while in the three HD patients, the neuronal densities of the caudate nucleus were more decreased in the caudal side.
We confirmed statistically significant correlation between the local recurrence and anterior commissure involvement..
Perceptual and acoustic analyses showed mild deviations whereas laryngeal visual examination revealed a complete right vocal fold detachment from the anterior commissure to the vocal process, with generalized hyperemia.
Multidirectional examination of the larynx using rigid endoscopes during direct laryngoscopy, leads to better control and management of the ventricle, inferior surface of the vocal fold and subglottis, and the anterior commissure.
No statistically significant differences were found in locoregional control regarding anterior commissure involvement, elective neck dissection versus wait-and-see policy, pathologic positive neck disease, and restage I-II versus restage III-IV.
They have major anomalies of major tracts, particularly absence of anterior commissure and of all components of the internal capsule.
In an attempt to improve results, more posterior sites were investigated resulting in the current target, at the junction of the anterior capsule, anterior commissure and posterior ventral striatum.
Tracts such as the anterior commissure and internal capsule are defective in mice with null mutation of Celsr3. Inactivation in telencephalon, ventral forebrain, or cortex demonstrated essential roles for Celsr3 in neurons that project axons to the anterior commissure and subcerebral targets, as well as in cells that guide axons through the internal capsule.
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Transoral laser microsurgery for the treatment of glottic carcinoma with anterior commissure (A-com) involvement is associated with a high rate of recurrence.
The mean (SD) of the directly localized PPN midpoints was 6.4 mm (0.5) lateral, 3.5 mm (1.0) posterior and 11.4 mm (1.2) caudal to the posterior commissure in the anterior commissure-posterior commissure plane.
The thickness of the substantia innominata was measured on the coronal T2-weighted MRI through the anterior commissure.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The anterior commissure (AC) and substantia innominata (SI) can be clearly demonstrated at 3T high-resolution MR imaging.
Projections to the anterior commissure are interrupted at the time of amygdala resection.
Using double labeling studies, we observed here colocalization of both proteins in fiber tracts including the corpus callosum, the adjacent subcortical white matter, the internal capsule and the anterior commissure.
OBJECT: The aim of this study was to use diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) to define the 3D relationships of the uncinate fasciculus, anterior commissure, inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, inferior thalamic peduncle, and optic radiation and to determine the positioning landmarks of these white matter tracts. The uncinate fasciculus comprises the core of the anterior temporal stem, behind which the anterior commissure and the inferior thalamic peduncle are located, and they occupy the anterior third of the temporal stem.
However, as the flow travels downstream, the laryngeal jet tends to narrow in width and skew toward the anterior commissure.
METHODS: Eleven sheep had radiopaque markers sutured as five opposing pairs along the anterior (A(1)-E(1)) and posterior (A(2)-E(2)) mitral leaflet free edges from the anterior commissure (A(1)-A(2)) to the posterior commissure (E(1)-E(2)). Tenting height increased with ischemia near the central and the anterior commissure leaflet edges (B(1)-B(2): 7.1+/-1.8mm vs 7.9+/-1.7 mm, C(1)-C(2): 6.9+/-1.3mm vs 8.0+/-1.5mm, both p<0.05). Acute ovine IMR was associated with leaflet restriction near the central and the anterior commissure leaflet edges.
The probability of remaining free of local recurrence 5 years after primary surgery alone was 78.57% (6/28) of tumors offended the anterior commissure, versus 93.65% (4/63) with no involvement of anterior commissure, have statistical significance (P < 0.01).
In Mecp2J mice, while there was significant reduction in rostrocaudal length of cortex, this parameter was also abnormal in hippocampus ( approximately 10%), periaqueductal gray matter ( approximately 13%), fimbria ( approximately 18%), and anterior commissure ( approximately 10%).
P5 treatment caused a significantly reduced density of anti-myelin immunoreactivity in the corpus callosum compared to the anterior commissure that was not consistently seen following P7 treatment.
Propylthiouracil induced a dose-dependent decrease in serum T(4) in postnatal d 15 pups, a dose-dependent decrease in the density of MAG-positive oligodendrocytes, and an equal increase in the density of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in both the corpus callosum and anterior commissure. Surprisingly, oligodendrocyte density in the corpus callosum was more sensitive to changes in TH than in the anterior commissure, as indicated by the slope of the regressions.
The force was applied in a transverse direction at the midmembranous point between the vocal process and the anterior commissure.
The anterior commissure is absent in Trio-null embryos, and netrin-1/DCC-dependent axonal projections that form the internal capsule and the corpus callosum are defective in the mutants.
Endoscopic findings were (a) a narrow foramen of Monro (0/3), (b) hypertrophy of the anterior commissure (1/3), (c) sloping of the third ventricle floor (1/3), (d) a huge massa intermedia (3/3), and (e) opaque third ventricular floor (3/3).
P2X7-positive glial-like small cells were also observed in nerve fiber tracts such as the anterior commissure, corpus callosum (CC), optic tract, and internal capsule.
Nck-deficient mice also show abnormal projections of corticospinal tract axons and defective development of the posterior tract of the anterior commissure.
Margin status (p = .39), cordectomy type (p = .67), and anterior commissure involvement (p = .16) were not statistically related to recurrence (Kaplan-Meier calculations with nonparametric univariate analysis). Positive or suspicious margins were not related to recurrence, nor was anterior commissure involvement.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the endoscopic procedures, the anterior commissure and the foramina of Monro could be clearly observed using this approach.
The present study showed 90% of Id2-immunoreactivity in oligodendrocyte lineage cells in such brain regions as the corpus callosum, optic chiasm, the longitudinal fasciculus of pons, the medial septal nucleus, the fimbria of hippocampus, the anterior commissure, and the pyramidal tract.
The anterior commissure was in a low position in the lamina terminalis in 38%.
The posterior PVT was also found to provide a strong projection to the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC), and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), regions associated with the extended amygdala.
The ramipril treatment group showed significant protection from development of white matter lesions in the optic tract, the anterior commissure, the corpus callosum, the internal capsule and the caudoputamen.
At this study we aimed at evaluating the prognostic significance of immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67, p53 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in laryngeal glottic cancer involving the anterior commissure and treated with radiotherapy. METHODS: From January 1995 to August 2005, 24 patients with glottic cancer involving the anterior commissure were primary treated with radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: We identified overexpression of Ki-67 as predictive marker of radiosensitivity in glottic cancer involving the anterior commissure, with the results showing significant difference between radiosensitive and radioresistant tumors..
The subpallial part includes derivatives from the medial ganglionic eminence, the anterior peduncular area, and possibly a novel subdivision, called here commissural preoptic area, located at the base of the septum and related to the anterior commissure.
However, the 200-microm vibratome-cut sections and confocal microscopy proved excellent for demonstrating virus distribution in neurites and for in-depth analysis of the extent of tract infection in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres such as selective infection of the internal capsule and anterior commissure.
Because all birds lack a corpus callosum and the anterior commissure does not interconnect any of the song control nuclei directly, these bottom-up connections form the only pathway that can coordinate activity across hemispheres.
METHODS: Preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging volumes were fused and 3D vectors of deviation were calculated for the anterior commissure (AC), posterior commissure (PC), and frontal cortex.
The aim of this study was to characterize the laryngeal configuration regarding the anterior commissure synechia and its relationship to the perceptual vocal quality. Measurements of the anterior commissure synechia and the free border of both vocal folds were simultaneously performed with the perceptual analysis of the voice through GRBAS scale. We calculated the mathematical proportion between the midsagittal dimension of the synechia of the anterior commissure and the measurement of the free border of the intermembranous region of each vocal fold. The higher the relative measurement of the anterior commissure synechia, the worse the overall grade of hoarseness (G) for both vocal folds (P<0.001), the worse the roughness (R) for both vocal folds (P<0.001), and the worse the strained quality (S) for both the reconstructed (P=0.0086) and the preserved (P=0.0026) vocal folds. These results suggest that the relative measurement of the anterior commissure synechia is a crucial factor worsening voice quality and that the perceptual analyses score has a strong correlation to the synechia's impact..
Treatment of glottic carcinoma with anterior commissure involvement is under debate. There is no scientific data to support recommendations for the most effective treatment in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior commissure.
A normal triangular shaped glottis anterior commissure anatomy was restored in 14 patients and 2-3 mm residual webbing was found in 1 patient (who had laryngofissure history). After receiving endoscopic vocal fold suture, 2 adults who was found to have 2-3 mm normal mucosal membrane in anterior commissure during surgery, restored normal vocal cord shape. Mucosal suturing of vocal fold may decrease or eliminate raw surface exposure and it is useful in the management of pediatric laryngeal webs and webs with normal mucosal membrane in anterior commissure.
To identify which attentional functions are critically dependent on PFC, we removed PFC unilaterally in combination with transection of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure in two macaques.
INTERVENTIONS: The treatment policy encompassed ER for glottic rT1a, rT1b with limited anterior commissure involvement, and rT2 with normal cord mobility carcinoma.
Anterogradely labeled axons arose from the site of injection, crossed the midline in the anterior commissure and arborized extensively in the contralateral ventral horn of the spinal cord.
We also studied surgical margins and the involvement of anterior commissure. The anterior commissure was affected in 38.7% of the cases, and was the site of maximum infiltration in 9.6% of the cases. The mean maximum infiltration was 0.93mm in the anterior commissure, 2.18mm in the anterior 1/3rd of the vocal cord, 1.71mm in the middle 1/3rd of the vocal cord and 1.5mm in the posterior 1/3rd of the vocal cord.
The cortex, subcortical U-fibers, corpus callosum, and anterior commissure were spared.
Neoplastic invasion of the anterior commissure was seen in 18 patients (34.6 per cent) and thyroid cartilage involvement in eight (15.4 per cent).
Using both cephalic and noncephalic references, subthalamic P16 was only recorded in the ventral part of the ZI (mean 6.6 +/- 1.3 mm posterior to the midcommissure point, 4.8 +/- 1.2 mm inferior to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line, and 9.7 +/- 0.6 mm lateral to the midline).
In the present study we therefore characterized CGRP-containing amygdaloid afferents by injecting the retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG) into subnuclei of the amygdala and adjacent divisions of the extended amygdala, namely, the lateral (LA) and central (CE) amygdaloid nuclei, interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC), and the amygdalostriatal area (AStr).
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of anterior commissure involvement on rates of local control, recurrence, and laryngeal preservation in patients with early glottic cancer (T1a-T2 lesions, staged according to the TNM staging system) treated with laser microsurgical resection. RESULTS: Among 48 patients presenting with early glottic cancer, the anterior commissure was involved in 24 cases. In the 24 cases without anterior commissure involvement, the local control rate was 96% (23 cases) and the corresponding larynx preservation rate was 100% (24 cases). The rate of local recurrence with anterior commissure involvement was 21% (5 cases) and was 4% (1 case) when this site was not compromised by the tumor. When the anterior commissure was compromised by a lesion, more surgical margins taken from the patient after the completion of surgery (additional margins) were compromised by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on permanent section (33% [ 8 cases]) compared with 0% from patients with anterior commissure involvement (P = .003), despite the fact that these margins were negative for disease on frozen section. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the tendency toward greater additional margins compromised by SCC and a higher rate of tumor recurrence in lesions with anterior commissure involvement after laser microsurgery for early glottic carcinoma.
Spatial extents relative to the anterior commissure (AC) were extracted.
All cases of laryngopharyngeal cancer that invaded the thyroid gland had vocal cord fixation, anterior commissure invasion, and were advanced stage. The most common mechanism of spread to the thyroid was by direct extension through thyroid cartilage and anterior commissure.
Lower levels of agreement were found for the tongue base, valleculae, pharyngeal walls, and anterior commissure.
Electrode locations were verified statistically by comparing distances between the anterior commissure and a representative sampling of 8 electrode sites per patient.
In 98% of tracts, the bending point of the PT was identified < or = 3 mm from the level of the anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) plane.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of an immediate application of topical mitomycin C (MMC) with chitosan for prevention of anterior glottic stenosis (AGS) after microsurgical resecting of both vocal fold with CO2 laser, including the anterior commissure, in a canine model.
The tracts visualized included the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, uncinate fasciculus superior and inferior longitudinal fascicules, inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus, internal capsule and corona radiate.
However, it is unclear what additional benefit these techniques provide over traditional anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC)-based standard atlas coordinate calculation methods based on the AC-PC plane.
Then, the regions of interest (ROIs) were located in prefrontal white matter at 4 mm inferior, and 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mm superior to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) plane, respectively.
The anterior commissure in humans is much smaller than the corpus callosum, and it also contains interhemispheric fibres from auditory responsive cortical areas. The corpus callosum is exclusively present in placental mammals, while in acallosal mammals, most of the corpus callosum-related functions are carried out by the anterior commissure.
OBJECTIVES: The present study assessed the effects of a unique pitch-raising surgical technique designated upper displacement of the anterior commissure (UDAC), comparing the results with those obtained through cricothyroid approximation (CTA). The anterior commissure was thus moved upward and forward, ensuring increased vocal fold tension.
RESULTS: The mean x, y, and z coordinates associated with contralateral eye deviation were found to be 11.57, 2.03, and 3.83 mm lateral, posterior, and inferior to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure midpoint, respectively.
Moreover, we recorded a complete loss of bilaterality in the olfactory connections of the PCD mice due to degeneration of the anterior commissure.
Patients were treated by medialization thyroplasty with a Montgomery System Implant (two cases), Gore-Tex strips (16 cases), medialization thyroplasty with Gore-Tex associated with anterior commissure laryngoplasty (three cases), and augmentation with Vox Implant injection (three cases).
METHODS: Patients (n = 75) were grouped into those who underwent unilateral subepithelial or subligamental resection (group A, n = 45); those who underwent unilateral transmuscular or total cordectomy (group B, n = 17); and those who underwent extended or bilateral cordectomy including the anterior commissure (group C, n = 19).
Granulomas and anterior commissure webs were present.
The birds were killed 2h later to examine thymidine labeled cells within the VZ at three brain levels, HVC, anterior commissure and Area X.
The anterior commissure was small in 7 cases and was normal in 3 cases on visual inspection of brain MR images (conducted in 10 of 11 cases).
They were found throughout the brain, with the following regions being of particular interest: the granular cell layer of the olfactory bulb, the nucleus of the anterior commissure, the septum, the lateral and medial pallia, the striatum, the nucleus of the postoptic commissure, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and pretectal areas, the optic tectum, the torus semicircularis, the mesencephalic tegmentum, restricted regions of the rhombencephalic tegmentum, the octavolateral area, and the dorsal column nucleus.
Endoscopic examination revealed a transglottic carcinoma involving the anterior commissure. CONCLUSIONS: The anatomy of the anterior commissure region and its effect on the spread of laryngeal carcinoma is reviewed in order to explain the pathophysiology of this unusual presentation.
However, the anterior commissure was absent, and the corpus callosal as well as hippocampal commissural axons failed to cross the midline in Rac1/Foxg1-Cre knock-out embryos.
However, on reflection, and with the passage of time, lesions originating at the anterior commissure have not been clearly described and, for that reason, a new endoscopic cordectomy (type VI) for cancers of the anterior commissure, which have extended or not to one or both of the vocal folds, without infiltration of the thyroid cartilage is now being proposed by the European Laryngological Society Committee on Nomenclature to revise and complete the initially reported classification..
The predictive value of DTI was tested using a region with DTI changes (hippocampal commissure) and a region without DTI changes (anterior commissure). Consistent with DTI predictions, there was histological detection of axonal injury in the hippocampal commissure and none in the anterior commissure.
RESULTS: The following neural structures have been shown to be prominent in emotional function: right and left hemisphere, corpus callosum, anterior commissure, anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and insular cortex. The role of interhemispheric information transfer via the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure is also discussed.
No responses were observed when the dose of 10 nmol NA was microinjected into surrounding structures, such as the anterior commissure, the stria terminalis, the fornix, and the internal capsule, indicating a predominant action at the BST.
The position along the intercommissural axis at which maximal mitral valve tenting area and height occurred shifted progressively toward the anterior commissure (from 51.8% to 45.1% to 38.9% and from 52.9% to 45.1% to 37.8%).
INTERVENTIONS: The 585-nm PDL was used for at least 1 treatment on each of these patients to treat JORRP of the true vocal folds or anterior commissure. RESULTS: There was no evidence of anterior commissure webbing or true vocal fold scarring in this group of 23 patients followed up for 3 months to 1 year. Furthermore, the lack of epithelial damage incurred by the 585-nm PDL should enable more aggressive surgical excision of anterior commissure disease.
In addition, a small population of DA- and 5HT-positive cell bodies--which appear to be unique to sturgeons--was identified at the level of the anterior commissure.
The shear modulus was measured at the mid-membranous point, in a transverse direction with respect to the axis drawn between the anterior commissure and vocal process.
Target coordinates were calculated in the anterior commissure-posterior commissure referential.
These analyses showed evidence of lower combined scores for stimulating contacts at an x coordinate approximately 12.0 to 12.3 mm lateral to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) line and at a z coordinate approximately 3.1 to 3.3 mm under the AC-PC line.
Slices with a 2-mm thickness and 0.2-mm gap were obtained parallel to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) line.
Endoscopy showed an irregular tumor extending from the anterior commissure to the left ventricle with dark pigmentation.
Compared with wild type mice, IGF1R(pre-oligo-ko) mice had a decreased volume (by 35-55%) and cell number (by 54-70%) in the corpus callosum (CC) and anterior commissure at 2 and 6 weeks of age, respectively.
Fiberoptic laryngoscopy demonstrated a granuloma-like, whitish, exophytic mass in the anterior commissure of the false vocal cords and erythema and edema in both the arytenoid and false vocal cord mucosa.
The current study evaluated the role of the nucleus accumbens (NAC), bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), interstitial nucleus of posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC), and central amygdala (CeA) in the expression of antagonist-precipitated suppression of operant responding for food as a measure of withdrawal from acute opioid dependence.
MA abusers had significantly lower FA values in bilateral frontal WM at the anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC) plane and the right frontal WM 5 mm above the AC-PC plane relative to healthy comparison subjects.
We will pay special attention to those tumors involving the anterior commissure. anterior commissure involvement is a prognostic factor.
Posttreatment web formation was not noted among 4 patients with anterior commissure involvement.
RESULT: In the evaluation of the neoplastic invasion of ventricular fold, vocal cord, the anterior commissure, subglottic region,paraglotic space (PGS), preepiglottic space (PES), thyroid cartilage, and tissue beyond the larynx, the combined imags were better than axial images in accuracy (98.3% vs 91.3%, P < 0.01); The accuracy of the combined images staging was 81.3% and the accuracy of axial image staging was 93.8%, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
Several pathways have been implicated, sometimes differently in distinct studies, in propagation to the contralateral temporal lobe: the three commissures (the corpus callosum, the ventral hippocampal commissure and the anterior commissure, which link the temporal lobes) and an indirect circuit via the frontal lobes. Thus, seizure activity emerging from anterior paralimbic regions can propagate rapidly to the contralateral medial temporal lobe via the anterior commissure.
Mice lacking p190B display several major defects, including (1) deficits in the formation of major forebrain commissures, including the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, (2) dilation of the lateral ventricles, suggesting inhibition of neurogenesis and/or survival, (3) thinning of the neocortical intermediate zone, suggesting defects in neuronal differentiation and/or axonal outgrowth, and (4) impaired neuronal differentiation.
Fibres of the corpus callosum, the hippocampal commissure and the anterior commissure project aberrantly and fail to cross the midline in COUP-TFI null mutants.
Given well-established evidence of corpus callosum atrophy, we hypothesized that anterior commissure volume (using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging [ MRI]) in this structure would be decreased in children with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury relative to typically developing children. Second, given the purported role of the anterior commissure in interhemispheric axon conveyance between temporal lobes, we hypothesized that temporal lobe white matter, temporal lesion volume, and injury severity (Glasgow Coma Scale score) would be predictive of decreased anterior commissure cross-sectional volume in patients with traumatic brain injury. Finally, we wished to establish the relationship between the anterior commissure and the temporal stem, a major white-matter tract into the temporal lobes, using diffusion tensor imaging fiber-tracking maps for each patient. We also hypothesized that children with traumatic brain injury would exhibit decreased fractional anisotropy in relation to typically developing children in a fiber system including the anterior commissure and the temporal lobes. Decreased anterior commissure cross-sectional volume was observed in patients with traumatic brain injury, and, as predicted, anterior commissure and temporal white-matter volumes were positively related to each other and to higher Glasgow Coma Scale scores. Lesion volume was not independently predictive of anterior commissure volume in the overall model. Diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy values differed between the groups for the temporal stem-anterior commissure system, with the traumatic brain injury group exhibiting decreased fractional anisotropy. The anterior commissure, like the corpus callosum, appears to be highly vulnerable to white-matter degenerative changes resulting from mechanisms such as the direct impact of trauma, progressive axonal injury as tissue in other brain regions atrophies, or myelin degeneration. This is the first systematic examination of anterior commissure atrophy following traumatic brain injury using in vivo quantitative MRI and diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking in pediatric subjects..
Within five minutes, her INR had decreased to 1.1, bleeding was markedly reduced, the vocal cords were successfully visualized using an anterior commissure laryngoscope, and intubation of the trachea was achieved with the use of a gum-elastic bougie.
The AC-PC line (anterior commissure-posterior commissure line) with vertical lines through the AC and PC were chosen as reference lines.
Persistence or recurrent cancer in the anterior commissure (AC) after primary radiotherapy may remain localized to its pretreatment anatomical site.
Squamous cell carcinoma may involve the anterior commissure (AC) area of the laryngeal glottis, and can be grouped morphologically into four groups; (1) tumor confined to the AC, (2) tumor involving one cord and the AC, (3) tumor involving the AC and a portion of both vocal cords, and (4) tumor involving a greater part of one cord and crossing over to involve a variable length of the other cord.
In Cxcr2-/- adult mice, we observed regional alterations in the density of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in Cxcr2-/- adult mice, with decreases in the cortex and anterior commissure but increases in the corpus callosum and spinal cord.
At 1 week post-lesion, Mn(2+) transport caudal to lesion was reduced as expected, and more importantly, increased transport through the anterior commissure was seen. At 4 weeks post-lesion, there was recovery of transport caudal to lesion, and increased transport through the anterior commissure extended to the contralateral olfactory cortex.
Nuttin et al, who published the first DBS for OCD series, found promising results using a capsule target immediately rostral to the anterior commissure extending into adjacent ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS).
Landmark identification is fully automatic and done in 3 steps: calculation of midsagittal plane, computing of anterior commissure (AC) and posterior commissure (PC) landmarks, and calculation of cortical landmarks.
RESULT: The projection of vocal fold is the line that connecting a little bit superior of the middle point of anterior commissure of thyroid cartilage and the point on the crosspoint of superior 3/4 and inferior 1/4 of the posterior edge of thyroid cartilage ala. The angle of the line and anterior commissure of thyroid cartilage is sixty-five degrees.
The associations between the patterns of beta1 integrin expression and clinicopathologic parameters, including response to radiotherapy, involvement of the anterior commissure, and grade of histologic differentiation, were evaluated.
Discrete cell patches of dopamine D1 receptor and mu-opioid receptor-1 IR were also identified in a distinct region of the extended amygdala, the interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure, medial division (IPACM), which displayed sparse tyrosine hydroxylase or enkephalin/beta-endorphin IR nerve terminals.
In family two, a patient with developmental delay, subtle dysmorphic features, ventricular enlargement with decreased periventricular white matter, mild findings of bilateral perisylvian polymicrogyria and a very small anterior commissure, a cryptic duplication including the Miller-Dieker syndrome region was identified by chromosome microarray analysis.
Pronounced and persistent signal increases (40-100% at 24 hr after injection) were observed in the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, fornix, and stria medullaris, as well as in the mammillothalamic tract and fasciculus retroflexus.
The two techniques were not found effective in identifying lesions of the ventricular bands, ventricular cavities, and the anterior commissure.
Laryngeal asymmetry is accounted for by introduction of an asymmetry coefficient and an anterior commissure angle which models a variable glottal closure insufficiency.
Imaging evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal in three patients and in one there was hypoplasia of the anterior commissure and the presence of a temporal cyst, apparently not related to the clinical findings..
A small horizontal incision is made just above the anterior commissure and is continued posteriorly along the laryngeal ventricle; these incisions are continued across the posterior wall of the glottis.
In addition to the previously reported phenotypes, we found that some of the axon tracts did not normally develop, in particular, axons of the anterior commissure failed to cross the midline, migrating, rather, to ectopic places.
BACKGROUND: An understanding of the relationships between the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line (AC-PC), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and red nucleus (RN) is imperative if these structures are to be used for targeting in deep brain stimulation.
Finally, in the anterior commissure and in the cerebral cortex a low density immunoreactive fibers was visualized.
We describe a simple technique of securing a Silastic keel, placed endoscopically, with a simple percutaneous suture, after laser vaporization of an anterior commissure web..
It is particularly useful for the study of laryngeal narrow spaces and in the visualization of subglottic regions and of other more restricted areas (inferior tonsil region, posterior surface of the epiglottis, glossoepiglottic vallecula, Morgagni's ventricle, anterior commissure)..
Two well-known commissural fibers, the corpus callosum and anterior commissure, were indicated and shown to be in agreement with the locations of these known stereotaxic atlases.
RESULTS: Several major neuronal fiber tracts, including the corticospinal cord, corpus callosum, and anterior commissure, were identified in all DTI data sets.
In addition, the coordinates of the two landmarks, anterior commissure and posterior commissure, were determined using both imaging methods. The length of the anterior commissure-posterior commissure distance differed significantly (P < 0.0001) between MRI (27.6 +/- 1.6 mm) and ventriculography (25.0 +/- 1.3 mm). The mismatch was mainly induced by an anterior diplacement of the anterior commissure by 1.9 +/- 2.2 mm (P < 0.0001) in MRI determination, as compared with ventriculography.
The other diffusion metrics exhibited no significant differences between APPsw and control mice in the CC and VHC, nor did any of the diffusion metrics exhibit significant differences between APPsw and control mice in other midline white matter tracts (anterior commissure, posterior commissure, fornix, and dorsal fornix).
Through our combined radiological and histological studies, we demonstrate the morphological development of multiple forebrain commissures/decussations, including the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, hippocampal commissure, and the optic chiasm.
(2002), we find that the following structures/tracts are absent or greatly reduced in the Fz3(-/-) brain: the anterior commissure, cerebral peduncle (corticospinal tract), corpus callosum, fornix, internal capsule (thalamocortical and corticothalamic tracts), stria medullaris, stria terminalis, and hippocampal commissure.
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: Accurate identification of the anterior commissure (AC) and posterior commissure (PC) is critical in neuroradiology, functional neurosurgery, human brain mapping, and neuroscience research.
Surprisingly, Dcx(-/y);Dclk(-/-) mutants have widespread axonal defects, affecting the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, subcortical fiber tracts, and internal capsule.
The development of the corpus callosum (CC) and the anterior commissure (CA) is well known in a wide variety of species.
The thickness of the fornix at the attachment point to the anterior commissure, the maximum distance to the upper and lower surfaces of the fornix, and the curvature of the upper and lower fornices showed sex differences (p < 0.5).
The superior segment of the LT near the anterior commissure disclosed again paucicellular and slightly loosened fine fibrillar tissue.
The adult cerebral hemispheres are connected to each other by specialized midline cell types and by three axonal tracts: the corpus callosum, the hippocampal commissure, and the anterior commissure.
Radiation dose, stage, age, hemoglobin level and anterior commissure involvement were not significant factors for local control. Other studied factors (radiation dose, anterior commissure involvement and age) were not reaching level of statistical significant value for overall survival.
Frontolateral laryngectomy is a surgical procedure that allows removal of a vocal cord, anterior commissure, one third of the healthy vocal cord and the thyroid cartilage keel.
Treatment effects on white matter development were determined by separately measuring the cellular density and proportion of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG)-positive, O4-positive, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in the genu of the corpus callosum (CC) and in the anterior commissure (AC).
Using genetic and culture models, we provide evidence that both attraction and repulsion by Sema3B, a secreted semaphorin, are critical for the positioning of a major brain commissural projection, the anterior commissure (AC).
In the fimbria hippocampus, the anterior commissure posterior showed staining at Clonus 5. However, the anterior commissure anterior was not stained at the stage progressed to Clonus 5.
The local pattern within the temporal lobe describes critical relay nodes which are the counterpart of oro-alimentary behavior: (1) right mesial temporal zone and ipsilateral anterior insula in right mTL seizures, and (2) temporal poles on both sides that are densely interconnected by the anterior commissure.
These structures included the neocortex, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulbs, basal forebrain and septum, caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus, hypothalamus, central gray, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, the rest of midbrain, cerebellum, brainstem, corpus callosum/external capsule, internal capsule, anterior commissure, fimbria, and ventricles.
It has been suggested that the CC arose in the eutherian brain as a more direct and, therefore, more effective system for the interhemispheric integration of topographically organized sensory cortices than the anterior commissure (AC) and hippocampal commissure (HC) already present in nonplacental mammals.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of immediate application of topical mitomycin C (MMC) on the prevention of anterior glottic stenosis (AGS) after microsurgical stripping of both vocal folds, including the anterior commissure, in a canine model. RESULTS: The stripping procedure induced AGS, affecting 58% to 86% (mean, 72%) of the length from the anterior commissure to the vocal process in the control group.
Main determinants of a worse LC at univariate analysis were: male gender, earlier treatment period, larger tumor extent, anterior commissure involvement, and the use of Cobalt 60. At multivariate analysis, only gender, tumor extent, anterior commissure involvement, and beam type retained statistical significance.
The hamster bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is readily allotted to anterior and posterior divisions separated by the fibers of the body of the anterior commissure.
The epsilon4 carriers (n=14) showed significantly lower fractional anisotropy and higher radial diffusivity in the parahippocampal white matter 15 mm below the anterior commissure-posterior commissure plane than noncarriers (n=15).
Three major axon pathways cross the midline of the vertebrate forebrain early in embryonic development: the postoptic commissure (POC), the anterior commissure (AC) and the optic nerve.
Tumors invading the thyroid gland also invaded the cricothyroid membrane (100%), anterior commissure (100%), laryngeal ventricle (100%), and thyroid cartilage (86%).
In rats, these receptors are present in the corpus callosum and anterior commissure at gestational day 20. Expression in the anterior commissure is persistently elevated throughout the first ten days of postnatal development and then decreases to near background levels by postnatal day 21.
The site of the prolapse was the posteriomedial commissure (n=94), the anterior commissure (n=30) or both (n=4).
We first report CGRP terminal fields in the olfactory-anterior septal region and also CGRP projections from the parabrachial nuclei to the olfactory-anterior septal region, the medial prefrontal cortex, the interstitial nucleus of the anterior commissure, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the anterior amygdaloid area, the posterolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus, and the dorsolateral part of the lateral amygdaloid nucleus.
V-pacing delayed valve closure at the anterior commissure (A: 27 +/- 9 ms, V: 94 +/- 6 ms*); 3) The end-diastolic leaflet opening angle was greater with AV- and V-pacing (anterior mitral leaflet (AML): A: 32 +/- 2 degrees, AV: 41 +/- 4 degrees*, V: 46 +/- 4 degrees*; posterior mitral leaflet (PML): A: 56 +/- 4 degrees, AV: 62 +/- 3 degrees*, V: 68 +/- 3 degrees*); 4) 'Effective' end-diastolic PML midline length was reduced with AV- and V-pacing (A: 11.2 +/- 0.7 mm, AV: 10.0 +/- 0.4 mm*, V: 10.2 +/- 0.3 mm*), as was the distance from each papillary muscle (PM) tip to the AML edge ('effective' chordal length) close to the commissures (anterior PM-AML: A: 31.5 +/-1.8 mm, AV: 30.5 +/- 1.9 mm*, V: 29.7 +/- 1.8 mm*; posterior PM-AML: A: 33.7 +/- 1.8 mm, AV: 33.1 +/- 1.9 mm*, V: 32.8 +/- 1.9 mm*).
Forty-three (37.7%) patients had anterior commissure invasion. The prognostic parameters analyzed for LC were T classification, anterior commissure involvement, total RT dose, and overall treatment time. While T2 disease and anterior commissure involvement were found to be unfavorable prognostic factors significantly influencing LC in univariate analyses, only T2 disease remained independent in multivariate analysis.
Attention was focused on neoplastic spread of the anterior commissure, thyroid cartilage and prelaryngeal soft tissue of the neck. Due to the fact that the survival rate is not modified by the anterior commissure and thyroid cartilage infiltration, the prognostic value of prelaryngeal invasion is extremely relevant. Therefore, we suggest the oncological value of SPL even in cases of invasion of the anterior commissure or thyroid cartilage, but not beyond the outer perichondrium..
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of topical mitomycin C (MMC) in preventing anterior glottic stenosis (AGS) after transoral microresection of glottic lesions involving the anterior commissure (AC).
The procedures included 1) bilateral true vocal cord stripping, 2) rotation of a mucosal flap from the epiglottis to the anterior commissure, 3) partial vocal cordectomy, 4) arytenoidectomy, 5) partial epiglottectomy and thyrohyoid dissection and 6) partial resection of the base of tongue with primary closure.
At surgery, findings of aortic valve, one normal left posterior commissure and very rudimentary right anterior commissure, was compatible with the uni-commisural aortic valve.
Within the T1 tumors, the 5-year Kaplan-Meier actuarial local control estimate ranged from 96.2% for tumors without anterior commissure involvement to 74.7% for tumors with anterior commissure involvement (p = .0002). On univariate analysis, a significant statistical relationship was noted between an increase in local recurrence and the following variables: increased T stage, anterior commissure involvement, and pathological margin involvement.
In addition, the EphA3 protein was also detected in various other structures, such as the lateral olfactory tract, anterior commissure, and corpus callosum, suggesting the possibility that EphA3 might regulate the formation of various neuronal networks in the developing brain, including the TC projection and the commissural fibers..
Samples were taken from corpus callosum, anterior commissure, optic nerve, cervical spinal cord and sciatic nerve. Profound myelin loss developed in the superior cerebellar peduncle, anterior commissure and corpus callosum, whereas the optic nerves, velum medullare anterior and spinal cord showed little or no demyelination.
Infraglottic edema extending from the anterior commissure to the posterior larynx, called the laryngeal pseudosulcus, may have some value in the diagnosing of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).
CT showed an expansive mass measuring 2 x2 x1.3 cm3 and occupying the anterior commissure, with glottic progression to the right true vocal cord.
The electrodes were placed at the following anterior commissure-posterior commissure line-related coordinates: 20 mm lateral to the midline, 6 mm below the intercommissural plane, and 3 mm anterior to the midcommissural point.
Plexin-A4 mutant mice were defective in the trajectory and projection of peripheral sensory axons and sympathetic ganglion (SG) axons and the formation of the anterior commissure and the barrels.
In this anatomopathological study, a method was applied to localize the STN in reference to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line (AC-PC line) in 12 postmortem brains of patients who died of non-neurological diseases.
In cases involving the one-third anterior part of the vocal cords and the anterior commissure, a 50% (4/8) TA muscle invasion was detected. Observing TA muscle invasion at the rate of 50% in cases involving the one-third anterior part of the vocal cord and the anterior commissure suggested that TA muscle invasion in the anterior part did not significantly impair mobility..
Identification of radiologic signs described as gross radiologic anterior commissure involvement (GRACI) increased radiologic image staging accuracy to over 96%.
Distances between trajectories to the coronal suture and the genu of the corpus callosum (CC) and between the posterior border of the anterior commissure to the lower end of the rostrum of the CC and posterior border of the foramen of Monro were measured. RESULTS: The AIF approach provided adequate access to the anterior third ventricle and related structures (i.e., hypothalamus, infundibular recess, and mamillary bodies) through the corridor bounded by the anterior commissure anteriorly and the choroid plexus at the foramen of Monro posteriorly. The mean distance between the posterior border of the anterior commissure and the lower end of the rostrum of the CC was 5.22 mm (4.6-5.6 mm), and 10.52 mm (9.7-11.5 mm) to the posterior border of the foramen of Monro.
The distribution of areas was plotted onto flat maps to show the extent of each and their relationships to the vertical plane at the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and cingulate sulcus.
The use of endoscopic vertical partial laryngectomy may overcome the difficulties encountered in exposure with transoral laser resection of anterior commissure tumors.
Cancer spread is partially restricted by anatomic barriers: vocal ligament and tendon of the anterior commissure, and subsequently by the elastic cone. Microvascularization of the anterior commissure is significant for tumor spread in glottis and paraglottic space.
The prospective clinical study included the analysis of the incidence of primary and secondary cancers of the anterior commissure of the larynx.
Additionally, CRF mRNA-reactive neurons were found immediately dorsal to the amygdala in the region of the interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure/amygdalostriatal transition area in both species.
Well evident bundles of immunoreactive fibers were placed ventral to the anterior commissure in the same regions of the hypothalamus and thalamus where vasotocinergic perikarya are localized. In contrast to what reported for other oscine and non-oscine avian species, we were not able to identify immunopositive neurons in any region above the anterior commissure, or detect relevant differences on the distribution of the vasotocin immmunoreactivity between sexes.
The anterior commissure was surrounded by a GFAP+/VN+ glial tunnel from 12 wpo, with TN expression seen between the GFAP+ cell bodies.
Intraoperatively, the aortic valve appeared bicuspid, and a tunnel of 7 mm diameter extending between the aorta and the left ventricle was found dividing the anterior commissure into two hemi-commissures. Repair was achieved by reconstructing the anterior commissure by direct reapproximation, and simultaneous obliteration of the aortic side of the tunnel.
The lesions involved vocal cords, anterior commissure, and ventricle.
RESULTS: The mean location of the clinically effective contacts was in the posterior subthalamic white matter, including the ZI and the PRL (mean, 5.6 +/- 1.2 mm posterior to the midcommissural point, 3.2 +/- 1.1 mm inferior to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line, and 10.5 +/- 1.2 mm lateral to the midline).
In conclusion, by measuring the distances between the anterior commissure and the junction between the membranous part of the vocal fold and vocal process of the arytenoid and the anterior commissure to the posterior nodal point of the vibrating part of the vocal folds we have verified the correctness of the findings published by Czermak, Hála and Honty, Pressmann, and Sovák, who pointed out the phenomenon of the shortening of the front vibrating part of the vocal folds in phonating high-pitched tones of the human voice..
Analysis of adult and aged human brain revealed LEDGF/p75-immunoreactive cell enrichment in the SVZ adjacent to the ventral region of the lateral ventricle at the level of the anterior commissure, a region implicated in adult neurogenesis.
Significant transport of Mn2+ was observed in olfactory structures ipsilateral to site of Mn2+ administration including the bulb, lateral olfactory tract (lo) by 12 h and in the tubercle, piriform cortex, ventral pallidum, amygdala, and in smaller structures such as the anterior commissure after 24 h post-administration.
While in monkeys the accessible white matter fiber connections were comparable to those reported for humans, detectable fiber structures in mice focused on the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, and hippocampal fimbria.
Immunohistochemistry showed that high levels of PLCbeta4 were detected in the somatodendritic domain of neuronal populations expressing the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) type 1alpha, including olfactory periglomerular cells, neurons in the bed nucleus anterior commissure, thalamus, substantia nigra, inferior olive, and unipolar brush cells and PCs in the cerebellum.
The lamina terminalis was severed by a horizontal knife cut through the anterior commissure to determine the effects of a disconnection of the subfornical organ (SFO) on drinking and Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-ir) in the rat brain in response to an intragastric load of hypertonic saline (5 ml/kg of 1.5 M NaCl by gavage).
The transgenic JIP1 partially rescued the axon guidance defect of the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure of the jsap1-/- brain.
anterior commissure involvement was evident in 12 (38.7%) patients. The relationship of EGFR expression with patient (age) and tumor related (T stage, histopathological grade, and anterior commissure involvement) parameters was evaluated using chi-square test. Prognostic significance of EGFR expression, age, T stage, histopathological grade, and anterior commissure involvement on LC was assessed using log-rank test. RESULTS: No difference was found in EGFR content distribution in relation to age, T stage, histopathological grade, and anterior commissure involvement. In the univariate analysis including age (< or =60 versus >60), T stage (Tis and T1 versus T2), histopathological grade (grade 1 and 2 versus grade 3), anterior commissure involvement (present versus absent), and EGFR expression (high versus low), only T stage and EGFR expression were found to be significant prognostic factors affecting LC (P = 0.0006 and P = 0.03, respectively).
METHODS: In the prevention group, six patients with glottic carcinoma involving the anterior commissure were treated by transoral laser surgery. Mitomycin C (0.4 mg/ml) was used as a topical application on the anterior commissure for a duration of 4 minutes. CONCLUSION: Topical application of mitomycin C was effective to prevent anterior glottic synechia after transoral laser surgery for glottic carcinoma involving the anterior commissure.
The lesions involved the vocal cords and anterior commissure mostly.
RESULTS: With CO2 laser treatment, 14 of 24 patients (no involvement of the anterior commissure) and eight of 18 patients (involvement of the anterior commissure) were cured.
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