Irrepressible exploratory reaching/grasping movements were elicited at the vicinity of the cingulate sulcus, from the anterior CMA (3 cases) or the pre-SMA (1). 
Area pd24c occupies both banks of the cingulate sulcus, with pv24c on the ventral bank.
Retrograde tracer injections were placed in the posterior cingulate (PCC), retrosplenial (RSC), medial parietal cortices (MPC), and posterior cingulate sulcus (PCS), and the labeling patterns within the thalamus were analyzed.
The relative length of cingulate sulcus showed a biphasic increase: a slow phase from EDs 100 to 110, and a rapid phase from EDs 110 to 130.
The other is a new visual area, which we refer to as cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv).
The neurons' involvement in the visuomotor transformation was influenced by their rostrocaudal location in the cingulate sulcus.
The patterns inferred for the left cingulate sulcus are consistent with the patterns described in the atlas of Ono..
Cortical folding patterns were assessed by classifying the incidence of the paracingulate sulcus (PCS) and interruptions in the course of the cingulate sulcus (CS).
Motor-asymptomatic animals had no significant changes in [ 125I]epibatidine binding to beta2*-beta4* nAChRs and [ 125I]A85380 binding to beta2* nAChRs in cognition-related cortical regions such as Broadman's area 46, orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate sulcus and the hippocampus, but binding of both radioligands was decreased 70-80% in the caudate and putamen. Motor-symptomatic animals had decreases in beta2* and beta4* nAChR in the principal sulcus (40-60%), anterior cingulate sulcus (30-55%), and orbitofrontal cortex (30-41%), but not in the hippocampus, plus significant decreases in binding (70-80%) in the caudate and putamen.
Furthermore, task-related activity co-varied positively with force output in a number of brain regions, but was less prominent with advancing age in contralateral M1, cingulate sulcus (both hands), sensory and premotor cortices (right hand).
In this study, we applied a novel, surface-based protocol to T1-weighted scans acquired from 40 first episode schizophrenia patients and 40 healthy controls individually matched for age, sex, and morphology of the paracingulate sulcus, a major anatomical variation that has been shown to affect morphometric estimates in the region. The surface-based approach enabled calculation of regional grey matter volume, surface area and curvature, cortical thickness, and depth of the cingulate sulcus, with sub-millimeter precision.
We performed anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) volumetry, evaluated diffusion tensor imaging of the anterior cingulum, analyzed paracingulate/cingulate sulcus (PCS/CS) morphology and investigated the interrelationships among these measures.
PURPOSE: On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sagittal sections, we sometimes encounter abnormal aspects of the superior profile of the midbrain and the cingulate sulcus in patients with dementia. In this preliminary study, we refer to these findings as the "upper midbrain profile sign" and the "cingulate sulcus sign." We prospectively evaluated the usefulness of these signs for the diagnosis of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the upper midbrain profile sign and the cingulate sulcus sign on MRI sagittal images obtained from 21 people with headaches but no neurological deficit (controls), 10 iNPH patients, 11 AD patients, and 5 PSP patients. The upper midbrain profile sign indicated a concave shape to the superior profile of the midbrain on mid-sagittal images, and the cingulate sulcus sign indicated a narrow, tight aspect of the posterior part of the cingulate sulcus on paramedian-sagittal images. The cingulate sulcus sign was seen in all 10 patients with iNPH but was never seen in any patient with AD or PSP. In contrast, the cingulate sulcus sign has a very high sensitivity for iNPH and should facilitate the distinction of iNPH from other dementias.
In contrast, the superior temporal sulcus, cingulate sulcus, and supermarginal gyrus displayed the opposite pattern, responding more strongly during place category and situation identification.
In right superior frontal sulcus, right supramarginal gyrus, and posterior cingulate sulcus, activation was greater for nogo compared to prosaccade responses, suggesting a role in active saccadic inhibition..
The activity of the other brain regions such as the posterior superior temporal sulcus, cingulate sulcus and central sulcus showed no difference between target conditions.
The corpus callosum could be seen in 84% of the patients, the fourth ventricle in 78%, the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) in 86%, the cingulate sulcus in 75%, the cerebellar hemispheres in 98%, the cerebellar vermis in 92%, the medulla oblongata in 97% and the cavum vergae in 9% of them.
The primary fissures and sulci that can be examined with prenatal US and MR imaging include the parieto-occipital fissure, calcarine fissure, cingulate sulcus, convexity sulci, and sylvian fissure and insula..
A negative correlation between the gradient of stimulus/response curve and magnitude of task-related brain activation was found in several motor-related regions, including ipsilesional posterior primary motor cortex [ Brodmann area (BA) 4p], contralesional anterior primary motor cortex (BA 4a), bilateral premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, intraparietal sulcus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and contralesional superior cingulate sulcus.
At the dorsal side, consistent activations were mainly related to motion stimuli and included the well-known areas V3a, VIPS, POIPS, hV5+, STS and the cingulate sulcus.
The primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (F1) forelimb representation, the S1- and F1-trunk representation, the F2-dimple region, areas F3-forelimb, F4, F5-bank of arcuate sulcus, F7-ridge, the dorsal bank of cingulate sulcus, and 24 c were activated in all reaching monkeys regardless of accompanying visual stimulation and oculomotor behavior.
A model of sulcal widening at the junction of the inter-hemispheric fissure and cingulate sulcus, when degraded by the partial-volume effect, could explain this anterior cingulate loss.
A similar pattern was found for the left anterior cingulate region, both in terms of reduced paracingulate folding and cingulate sulcus interruptions, although this did not reach significance.
Imaging findings showed that activation decreased in bilateral opercular areas, bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the right ventral premotor and supramarginal gyrus, and the anterior cingulate sulcus during the learning stage and in the supplementary motor area during the automatization stage.
Based on regional heterogeneities of binding site densities and of the cytoarchitecture within BA 5, we suggest a subdivision into three subareas: medial area 5M, lateral area 5L, and area 5Ci in the region around the cingulate sulcus.
Each area on the dorsal bank of the cingulate gyrus has an extension around the fundus of the cingulate sulcus (f 24c, f 24c', f 24d, f 23c), whereas most cortex on the dorsal bank is composed of frontal motor areas. The PCC is composed of a dysgranular area 23d, area 23c in the caudal cingulate sulcus, a dorsal cingulate gyral area 23a/b, and a ventral area 23a/b. The distribution of areas was plotted onto flat maps to show the extent of each and their relationships to the vertical plane at the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and cingulate sulcus.
RESULTS: During follow-up, patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) differences significant atrophy around the ventricular system; pericerebellar spaces; cerebellar tentorium; putamen; corpus callosum; cingulate sulcus; hippocampus; parieto-occipital fissure; lateral fissure; and frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortex. Patients with secondary progressive MS developed significant atrophy of the cingulate sulcus; pulvinar; caudate nucleus; anterior orbital gyrus; mammillary body; fourth ventricle; and regions of frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortex.
For cerebral cortical development, the Sylvian, parieto-occipital and calcarine fissures, and the cingulate sulcus and sulci over the cerebral convexity were evaluated.
METHODS: We studied 50 normal fetuses for visibility of cerebral sulci, especially sulci which appear early in anatomical studies, namely the parieto-occipital fissure, calcarine sulcus, cingulate sulcus, convexity sulci and insula/Sylvian fissure. The earliest gestational ages at which specific sulci could be seen in any fetus were as follows: parieto-occipital fissure 18.5 weeks, calcarine sulcus 18.5 weeks, cingulate sulcus 23.2 weeks and convexity sulci 23.2 weeks. In the present series, the gestational ages at which these sulci were always visible were as follows: parieto-occipital fissure >20.5 weeks, calcarine sulcus >21.9 weeks, cingulate sulcus >24.3 weeks and convexity sulci >27.9 weeks.
The distances between the upper margin of the hemisphere and the cingulate sulcus, especially important for avoiding damage to the cingulate gyrus and other mesiolimbic structures, were 13.54-30.00 (21.28 +/- 3.89) mm and 12.22-29.52 (21.12 +/- 3.90) mm at the level of P5 and P7.
In the RT task, the presupplementary motor area extending to the cingulate sulcus was activated more strongly than in the timing task probably to focus attention to the onset of the first LED light unpredictably presented after random foreperiods.
Our primary results demonstrated that activation in right caudate nucleus decreased in response to decreasing preference, and that activation in bilateral occipital gyri, left cingulate sulcus, and bilateral fusiform gyri increased in response to increasing preference.
In contrast, there was no change in [ (125)I]alpha-btx binding in the brain regions thought to be involved in mediating the cognitive functions impaired in these monkeys (e.g., the hippocampus, areas 9/46D and 46D of the principal sulcus, and area 24c of the cingulate sulcus).
Area 23c in the lower bank and transitional somatosensory area (TSA) in the upper bank of the cingulate sulcus appear as nodal points.
We report two very rare cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured frontopolar artery aneurysm in the cingulate sulcus. Cerebral angiography on admission failed to show an aneurysm, but follow-up study on day 14 revealed a small aneurysm in the cingulate sulcus at the origin of the frontopolar artery arising from the callosomarginal trunk. Cerebral angiography showed an aneurysm at the origin of the callosomarginal trunk arising from the anterior communicating artery complex and another at the callosomarginal-frontopolar bifurcation in the cingulate sulcus.
Furthermore, consistent decreases across sessions correlating with recovery were seen across the whole patient group independent of rate of recovery or initial severity, in primary motor cortex, premotor and prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor areas, cingulate sulcus, temporal lobe, striate cortex, cerebellum, thalamus and basal ganglia.
RESULTS: Compared with the controls, significantly fewer people in the ultra-high risk group had a well-developed left paracingulate sulcus and significantly more had an interrupted left cingulate sulcus.
One animal performed worst on both TS and DA and in this animal the cingulate sulcus lesion was most complete.
RTNG also activated the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate sulcus, which were not differentially activated during PSVW.
Additional age-related increases were seen in caudal dorsal premotor cortex, caudal cingulate sulcus, intraparietal sulcus, insula, frontal operculum and cerebellar vermis.
There was a marked asymmetry of activation in favor of the left hemisphere, most notably in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 6 lateral, 44 and 46) and supplementary motor area/cingulate sulcus (BA 6 medial and 32).
These areas occupy the lateral and suprasylvian gyri, from the cingulate sulcus (medially) to the suprasylvian sulcus (laterally) and lie between visual areas 18 and 21 (posteriorly) and the somatosensory areas (anteriorly).
The cingulate motor areas are a recently discovered group of discrete cortical regions located in the cingulate sulcus with direct connections to the primary motor cortex and spinal cord.
The cingulate motor areas, located in the banks of the cingulate sulcus, constitute a portion of the cingulate cortex of primates.
With our pontine WGA-HRP injections, retrograde neuronal labeling was observed over a large extent of the frontal cortex continuing onto the medial surface which included the lining of the cingulate sulcus and cingulate gyrus.
The cingulate motor areas reside within regions lining the cingulate sulcus and are divided into rostral and caudal parts.
Regions in the dorsal anterior ACC along the cingulate sulcus differentiated between P0 (not perceived) and P1 but exhibited no additional signal increase with P2; these regions are related to stimulus awareness and probably to cognitive processing.
Expression of the c-fos gene was seen in the CA4 and cingulate sulcus neurons, and apoptosis was observed in the CA1 neurons.
Both models suggest that the frontomedian wall in the vicinity of the anterior cingulate sulcus plays an important role in performance monitoring. However, an anatomical dissociation was found: while error processing preferentially activates the human homologue of the cingulate motor area (CMA, BA 24c') in the depth of the anterior cingulate sulcus, response competition is accompanied by activation of the pre-SMA and mesial BA 8.
We also found previously described asymmetries in the cingulate sulcus (right > left) and the caudate nucleus (right > left).
A frequent anatomical variation is the presence of the paracingulate sulcus (PCS), which might be an anatomical landmark to determine the location of activated areas. With anatomical variations such as the presence of a PCS or a vertical branch of the cingulate sulcus, normalization and determination of the activation with the help of stereotaxic coordinates can cause an incorrect shift of CMA activation to the SMA.
Area 7m also had major connections with the cingulate cortex (area 23), particularly the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus.
Cells projecting to the forelimb area of the MI were distributed in the two separate regions situated rostrocaudally in the dorsal and ventral banks of the cingulate sulcus, namely the rostral cingulate motor area (CMAr) and caudal cingulate motor area (CMAc).
Other prominent transient activations included posterior superior temporal sulcus, medial occipitoparietal sulcus, anterior insula, and anterior cingulate sulcus in the right hemisphere.
The dorsal bank of the callosal sulcus and the rostral surface of the isthmus are covered by the retrosplenial cortical areas 29l, 29m, and 30, whereas most of the medial surface of the posterior cingulate gyrus and the ventral bank of the posterior cingulate sulcus consist of areas 23i and 23e.
We recorded neuron activity in the anterior cingulate sulcus of macaques while they performed a sequential problem-solving task.
Such a region was located primarily on the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus, corresponding to the dorsal cingulate motor area..
In this report we describe a direct projection from area prostriata to the rostral cingulate motor cortex (M3) that forms the fundus and lower bank of the anterior part of the cingulate sulcus.
RESULTS: The following measurements (means) were obtained: 1) the distance between P5/P7 and the cingulate sulcus was 25.76 mm (range, 17.113-42.73 mm) with reference to P5, and 25.41 mm (range, 12.91-36.29 mm) with reference to P7; 2) the distance between the cingulate sulcus and the corpus callosum was 12.91 mm (range, 7.19-22.60 mm) with reference to P5, and 12.92 mm (range, 6.75-23.37 mm) with reference to P7; 3) the height of the corpus callosum was 6.22 mm (range, 3.07-9.00 mm) with reference to P5, and 6.92 mm (range, 3.50-13.57 mm) with reference to P7; 4) the distance between the anterior commissure and the foramen of Monro was 6.78 mm (range, 1.86-14.57 mm), independent of P5 and P7; 5) the distance between the lower margin of the corpus callosum and the upper insertion point of the fornix was 12.44 mm (range, 2.71-26.13 mm) with reference to P5, and 13.34 mm (range, 3.74-27.58 mm) with reference to P7; 6) the distance between the lower margin of the corpus callosum and the lower insertion point of the fornix was 18.08 mm (range, 9.47-29.71 mm) with reference to P5, and 18.58 mm (range, 10.48-30.40 mm) with reference to P7; and 7) the distance between the lower margin of the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure was 23.46 mm (range, 11.98-32.70 mm) with reference to P5, and 22.89 mm (range, 11.05-33.04 mm) with reference to P7.
Activity rarely extended into the cingulate sulcus (CS) (3/21 cases) when there was a prominent PCS.
We have determined different patterns of fissurization in Broca's area, the gyrus of Heschl, the planum temporale, the inferior parietal lobe, and the cingulate sulcus.
Peak increases in rCBF were also observed in the caudal part of the right anterior cingulate sulcus and bilaterally in the inferior frontal gyri.
The primary motor cortex (M1) receives input from four premotor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere: the supplementary motor area (SMA) and three cingulate motor areas located on the banks of the cingulate sulcus (CMAr, CMAd and CMAv).
Variations in localization of the central sulcus and the sulci around the central sulcus namely the superior frontal sulcus, precentral sulcus, postcentral sulcus, marginal ramus of cingulate sulcus were studied in vertex sections retrospectively by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method in 3580 cases. 16 variations related to localization of the superior frontal sulcus, precentral sulcus, central sulcus, postcentral sulcus and the marginal ramus of the cingulate sulcus were identified.
Stimulation-induced saccades were found to be restricted to the lateral intraparietal area (area LIP) in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and a region on the medial aspect of the parietal lobe (area MP, medial parietal area), close to the caudal end of the cingulate sulcus, whereas stimulation of area 7a did not evoke eye movements.
Our findings indicate that a variety of telencephalic limbic afferents converge on cortex lining the lower bank and fundus of the anterior part of the cingulate sulcus.
In the present study, this caudal area was further defined on a chemoarchitectonic basis, particularly during the late prenatal and perinatal stages, which correspond to the development of the cingulate sulcus and temporal gyri, and the differentiation of the retrosplenial/subicular complex.
Measurements that were made include the following: 1) the distance between P5 and the cingulate sulcus, 2) the distance between the cingulate sulcus and the corpus callosum, 3) the height of the corpus callosum, 4) the distance between the anterior commissure and the foramen of Monro, and 5) the distance between the lower margin of the corpus callosum and the fornix.
Scans were selected if any of the following structures were seen: in the coronal plane the lateral, callosal and cingulate sulcus and gyrus; in the median plane the parieto-occipital and calcarine fissures, and the cingulate gyrus and sulcus; and, in an oblique section, the lateral sulcus.
Additional labeling was present more rostrally in the banks of the cingulate sulcus. In addition, separate, discrete activations were found on the superior frontal gyrus and in the cingulate sulcus during the REM task. The most intense and extensive 2DG labeling was located in the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus, coincident with the dorsal cingulate motor area (CMAd). There was no significant 2DG incorporation in the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus where the ventral cingulate motor area is located.
On the medial surface, motor-related activity was found for all three subjects in the leg areas of the primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex and also activity for the hand, shoulder, and leg in the supplementary motor area (SMA) on the dorsal medial convexity and in three areas in the cingulate sulcus.
Nine of the neurons were recorded in the dorsal bank of the anterior cingulate sulcus and two in the premotor cortex.
One group of cells (n = 115) was located in the caudal and medial part of area 6, in the supplementary motor area (SMA), and the other (n = 92) was located in the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus (CMAv), in area 23c.
Volumes of the intrasulcal gray matter were measured in three cerebral sulci located on the medial wall of the human frontal lobe: cingulate sulcus (CS), paracingulate sulcus (PCS), and superior-rostral sulcus (SRS).
In addition, connectivity and functional properties indicate that there are multiple motor areas in the cortex lining the cingulate sulcus. Two separate groups of neurons projecting to area M1 emanated from the cingulate sulcus, one anterior and one posterior, both of which furnished commissural and ipsilateral connections with area M1.
The initial activation is considered to take place in area 3b facing the interhemispheric fissure, and the later source, due to the systematic rotations of the field patterns, is assumed to reflect activation of area 5 in the anterior wall of the marginal ramus of the cingulate sulcus..
These are the supplementary motor area (SMA) on the superior frontal gyrus and three motor areas buried within the cingulate sulcus.
The goal of the present study was to determine variability in the occurrence and location of the cingulate sulcus (CS) and the paracingulate sulcus (PCS).
The foot sensory area occupied the posterior paracentral lobule, while the genitalia were represented anterior to the foot sensory area, near the cingulate sulcus.
On the contrary, the ratio of the cingulate sulcus to the FO-length in Pan and Homo sapiens was significantly higher than in the other species, indicating that this ratio becomes higher with the phylogenetic development.
In piglets studied on the first day of life transient hypoxia-ischaemia caused an increase in the fractions of necrotic and apoptotic cells in the cingulate sulcus compared to sham-operated controls.
Below SMA-proper the areas 24d (macaque) and the caudal cingulate motor area cmc (human) are located in the cingulate sulcus. Below pre-SMA the area 24c (macaque) and the rostral cingulate motor area cmr (human) are located in the cingulate sulcus; they correspond to the 'anterior cingulate motor areas' of recent PET observations and to the anterior part of the agranular cingulate cortex of architectonic studies.
Neurons related to faciovocal behavior were located in the anterior cingulate sulcus and adjacent cortex of the mesial wall at a level just rostral to the genu of the arcuate sulcus.
The part of the human brain primarily associated with volition might be near the anterior cingulate sulcus. Could unilateral irradiation of an area near the anterior cingulate sulcus partially destroy the patient's volition? By leaving intact the patient's will based on language and by partially destroying the patient's will based on intuition, could the physician diminish the patient's will to commit felonious sex crimes? Would some patients reject chemical castration but accept unilateral irradiation of an area near the anterior cingulate sulcus?.
Variations in surface features included a single cingulate sulcus (CS) with or without segmentation or double parallel sulci with or without segmentation.
The second area was situated on the left mesial surface of the brain, posterior to the anterior commissure (AC) and encompassing the first gyrus dorsal to the cingulate sulcus. The third area was the dorsal bank of the posterior cingulate sulcus.
Neurons with proprioceptive or cutaneous receptive fields associated with the hand were identified in the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus in the monkey. The high concentration of these neurons in the lateral depth of the cingulate sulcus establishes that a distinct hand representation exists within the rostral part of area 23c.
These motor areas include the supplementary motor area (SMA) and three areas buried within the cingulate sulcus: the caudal cingulate motor area on the dorsal bank (CMAd), the caudal cingulate motor area on the ventral bank (CMAv), and the rostral cingulate motor area (CMAr).
The cognition division includes caudal areas 24' and 32', the cingulate motor areas in the cingulate sulcus and nociceptive cortex.
These arise primarily from the lateral portion of lower bank and the fundus of the cingulate sulcus. Our results demonstrate that areas 24c, 24c' and 23c, the lateral portion of the lower bank and the fundus of the cingulate sulcus project to the dorsal sensorimotor striatum. Different projections to striatum from discrete subdivisions of cingulate cortex indicate that these areas are heterogeneous and have different functions such that the fundus of the cingulate sulcus is related to skeletomotor function, whereas the medial portion of the lower bank of the cingulate sulcus is associated with the limbic-related and association cortical function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS).
An increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis was observed in the cingulate sulcus of newborn piglets 48 h after a global hypoxic-ischaemic insult.
Other principal regions of increased blood flow were situated around the left anterior cingulate sulcus and bilaterally in the parietal lobes (areas 7 and 40).
Third, the prefrontal cortex is interconnected with only a portion of the arm representation in three premotor areas (supplementary motor area, the caudal cingulate motor area on the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus, and the dorsal premotor area), whereas it is interconnected with the entire arm representation in the ventral premotor area and the rostral cingulate motor area.
We report significant activation in the cingulate sulcus (Brodman's area 32) and a correlation of activity in this region with faster response time for an incongruent stimulus-response task..
Besides these polysensory vestibular cortical fields, three other circumscribed cortical regions of the macaque brain were also found to project directly to the brainstem vestibular nuclei: a circumscribed part of the postarcuate premotor cortex (area 6pa), part of the agranular and the adjacent dysgranular cortex located around the cingulate sulcus (area 6c/23c), and a predominantly visual (optokinetic) association field located at the fundus of the lateral sulcus (area T3).
Several areas on the medial surface of the frontal lobe in both monkeys and humans, including the supplementary motor area and specific areas within the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus called the cingulate motor areas, have been implicated in the initiation and execution of skilled movements.
In contrast, the medial parietal cortex within the caudal portion of the cingulate sulcus projects predominantly to the dorsal portion of the putamen, and has only minor connections with the caudate nucleus.
Contralateral sensations were evoked in the posterior cingulate gyrus, whereas ipsilateral sensations were evoked in the vicinity of the cingulate sulcus.
The VApc also gives rise to only deep T-C projections onto the remaining premotor area and onto the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus as well as the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus at the level of the premotor area. The dorsal and medial parts of the VLc project onto the premotor area, the rostral part of the motor area and the SMA, and also the ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus.
All injections produced transported label within the sulcus principalis, the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate sulcus and the dorsal insular cortex.
The premotor areas are located in parts of cytoarchitectonic area 6 on the lateral surface and medial wall of the hemisphere, as well as in subfields of areas 23 and 24 in the cingulate sulcus.
Microelectrodes were inserted into the broad rostrocaudal expanse of the cingulate cortex, including the upper and lower banks of the cingulate sulcus and the hemispheric medial wall of the cingulate gyrus. The movement-related neurons were distributed, in two foci, in the posterior and anterior parts of the cingulate cortex, both including the upper and lower banks of the cingulate sulcus.
All the calcarine fissure and most of the anterior part of cingulate sulcus began to appear before 28 wks. At 28-31 wks all the whole cingulate sulcus and postrolandic sulcus, and most of the inferior temporal sulcus and covering of insula were ready to be observed. All of the insular sulci and tertiary sulci, and most of the secondary sulci from cingulate sulcus appeared after 31 wks.
In the present study, concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine in cortical regions surrounding the cingulate sulcus were assessed, and were found to be markedly decreased in symptomatic MPTP-treated vervet monkeys; these results parallel the cortical involvement in Parkinson's disease.
On the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere there was bilaterally symmetrical atrophy of the cingulate gyrus and sulcus, the adjacent interhemispheric frontal gyri, the parietooccipital sulcus, and the marginal branch of the cingulate sulcus.
In contrast, the arm representation of area 6a beta receives afferents chiefly from area F5, the prefrontal cortex and that part of cingulate sulcus which has few, if any, connections with the spinal cord.
Cranial ultrasounds performed during the first 3 d of life on 211 infants of 24 to 40 wk gestational age were examined to determine the in utero development of the cingulate sulcus. Branches then appeared off of the primary cingulate sulcus, increasing in number until a complex pattern of branching was noted near term gestation. The timing of postconceptional cingulate sulcus development was independent of gestational age at birth. However, severe brain insult, defined as intraventricular hemorrhage complicated by ventriculomegaly or intraparenchymal extension or periventricular leukomalacia, was associated with significant delays in all stages of cingulate sulcus development.
We found a medio-laterally oriented band of saccadic eye-movement sites that extended from the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus onto the medial surface of the hemisphere and into the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus. We conclude that eye movements are more broadly represented in the frontal lobes than previously described: either the SEF extends into the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus and laterally to the arcuate sulcus, or there are more than two frontal eye-movement fields..
The methods of evaluating CT findings were linear measurements of the ventricle (Huckman number, Evans' ratio, lateral body ratio), observation of sulci (Sylvian fissure, cingulate sulcus and central sulcus), brain atrophy ranking of microscopic observation (I; absent, II; mild, III; mild to moderate, IV; moderate, V; maximum) and presence of periventricular lucency.
Area 7m (on the medial posterior parietal cortex) has its own topographically distinct connections with the limbic (the posterior ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus, granular retrosplenial cortex, and presubiculum), visual (V2, PO, and the visual motion cortex in the upper bank of the STS), and somatosensory (SSA, and area 5) cortical areas.
The anterior portion of the "cingulate corticospinal area" in the lower bank of the cingulate sulcus; 2.
The sylvian fissure (21 w.g.a.), the callosal sulcus (21 w.g.a.), the parieto-occipital sulcus (25 w.g.a.), the calcarine fissure (25 w.g.a.), the cingulate sulcus (26 w.g.a.) and the collateral sulcus (25-27 w.g.a.) are visualized rather late with in-utero U.S.
We observed that substantial projections to the spinal cord originate not only from the supplementary motor area (SMA) in area 6, but also from 2 regions within the cingulate sulcus.
Area 24b has more clearly defined layers II, III, and Va, and area 24c, which forms the lower bank of the anterior cingulate sulcus, has a particularly dense layer III. Area 23b has the largest pyramids in layers IIIc and Va, and area 23c, in the depths of the posterior cingulate sulcus, has the broadest external and thinnest internal pyramidal layers.
We recorded 272 task-related cells from frontal cortex in a region extending from the midprincipal sulcus to the central sulcus, and medially to the cingulate sulcus.
Reciprocal corticocortical connections were observed primarily with the supplementary motor area (SMA) in medial premotor area 6 and dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus, postarcuate area 6 cortex, dorsal cingulate cortex (area 24), superior parietal lobule (area 5, PE/PEa), and inferior parietal lobule (area 7b, PF/PFop, including the secondary somatosensory SII region).
Results were similar after an injection in the foot representation in area 2 with the differences that infragranular neurons, in addition to supragranular neurons, formed a substantial part of the projection to area 2, terminations as well as projections were noted from area 4, interconnections were found more rostrally in area 6, and a dense focus of label was apparent in the dorsal bank of cingulate sulcus in the apparent location of the supplementary motor area.
After damage of the trunk, occiput or proximal limb representations, the degenerating fibres pass predominantly along the boundaries; the separate representations of the caudal trunk, at the postcentral dimple and cingulate sulcus, are connected by continuous bands along the boundaries of area 3a and at the 2/5 boundary, and those of the occiput region at the levels of the postcentral dimple and lower end of the intraparietal sulcus are similarly linked.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS).
The callosal connexions are homo- and heterotopical; an architectonic subdivision within the callosally connected regions projects to the same and other architectonic subdivisions at the same medio-lateral level in the opposite hemisphere; the cortex containing the representation of the caudal trunk near the post-central dimple is connected with the same region in the other hemisphere and with that of the separate representation of the caudal trunk in the posterior part of the cingulate sulcus, while the representation of the occipital region at the post-central dimple is connected both with the homotopical site in the other hemisphere and with the other representation of this part of the periphery at the level of the lower end of the intraparietal sulcus..
Following isotope injections in the anterior and lateral dorsal thalamic nuclei, labelled fibers form an arch in the white matter behind the cingulate sulcus and occupy the ventral sector of the cingulum bundle.
Both the superior parietal lobule and the rostral inferior parietal lobule also send projections to various other zones located in the parietal opercular region, the intraparietal sulcus, and the caudalmost portion of the cingulate sulcus.
Hindlimb response which were less spatially localized, were found both ventral to the forelimb area, in the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus, and in mesial cortex, well anterior to area 4. No movements were evoked from the anterior portions of the fundal region of the cingulate sulcus which were also labelled..
Corticospinal neurones activated antidromically from the cervical but not from the lumbar cord ('cervico-thoracic' neurones) were concentrated in the mesial cortex; 'lumbo-sacral' neurones were found both in the dorsal cortex and the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus.
Projections from the region around the cingulate sulcus and supracallosal anterior cingulate gyrus have their terminal fields in the lower part of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus.
In addition, HRP labeled cells were seen ipsilaterally in the banks of the cingulate sulcus..
Areas of convergence of the projections from all four vocalization loci were the cortex within the anterior cingulate sulcus, a zone following the inferior thalamic peduncle from the central amygdaloid nucleus through the substantia innominata into the midline thalamus, a second zone following the periventricular fibre system from the anterior diencephalon to the caudal midbrain and dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and, finally, the tail of the caudate nucleus.
By stereomicroscopical examination of a complete series of pigment preparations up to 1000 mum thick, a gigantopyramidal area in the brain of man is described, which lies in front of the primary motor field on the medial surface of the hemisphere and is almost totally buried in the depth of the cingulate sulcus extending in both length and width over about 15 mm.
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